شناسایی شاخص های ازدواج ناموفق ( یک مطالعه ی کیفی )

Objective: To identify indicators of unsuccessful marriage. The method is qualitative using grounded theory and the statistical population includes all couples living in Ardabil who have been living together for at least 3 years. The process of the grounded theory theory is based on a structured approach based on 3 types of open coding20, axial21 and selective22. The statistical population of this study includes all couples living in Ardabil who have at least 3 years of cohabitation. The sampling method was purposive sampling and then theoretical sampling. First, sampling was carried out from the available population, which was described by (Strauss and Corbin23) that the couples selected for inclusion in the study had to have the following criteria: 1) Getting a low score (two standard deviations below the mean) on the scale of positive feelings towards the spouse24 and the Spanier marital adjustment scale25. 2) Based on the interview, describe themselves as unsuccessful couples. In the next step, the final sample group was determined by theoretical sampling. In theoretical sampling, when the system of categories, so-called "theory", is saturated, the process of collecting information stops (MacLeod26, 2001). Finally, 14 couples who described themselves as unsuccessful and scored low (two standard deviations below the mean) on the Spanier Marital Adjustment Questionnaire and the Positive Feelings Towards Spouse Questionnaire were subjected to in-depth semi-structured interviews27. The working process was such that, in compliance with the ethical principles of research and obtaining permission from the interviewees, the interviews were recorded accurately and then transcribed on paper. In this way, the interviewee had relative freedom to express what was in his and his wife's lives, and after each interview, the techniques mentioned by Strauss and Corbin were analyzed line by line and the codes obtained were recorded. After re-analyzing and categorizing the obtained codes, general categories were formed in the researcher's mind, and in the continuation of the interviews, the researcher's goal was to complete and saturate those categories. The interviews continued until the formed categories reached saturation and no new data was obtained regarding those categories. Finally, the following two methods were used to achieve reliability: 1) Control and validation by the sample group: In this method, the recorded interviews were returned to the interviewees for greater assurance to inform the researcher of the accuracy of the information provided. 2) Evaluation by referees: In this method, two experts in this method, as referees, analyzed a part of the interviews and their analyses were compared with the researcher's analyses, and finally a general agreement was reached. Open and axial coding methods were used to analyze the data, and the results of the research showed that the indicators determining unsuccessful marriage cover a wide range. The identified indicators were: individual indicators, non-interaction indicators, indicators related to the family of origin, and cultural indicators. Each of the obtained indicators includes different categories. To collect data in this study, two questionnaires were used, including Spanier's marital adjustment and the questionnaire of positive feelings towards the spouse. Determine the sample, purposive sampling and then theoretical sampling were used. Finally, until theoretical saturation was reached, 14 unsuccessful couples were subjected to in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin continuous comparative method. The research tools were the Spanier marital adjustment questionnaire and the positive feeling toward spouse questionnaire. Open and axial coding methods were used to analyze the data. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and based on the grounded theory method. The research population included couples living in Ardabil who had been living together for at least three years. Purposive sampling was used, followed by theoretical sampling. In the screening stage, couples were assessed with two tools: the "Positive Feelings Towards Spouse Questionnaire" and the "Spanier Marital Compatibility Scale," and couples were selected who scored two standard deviations below the mean and described themselves as "unsuccessful couples" in the preliminary interview. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation, and finally 14 eligible couples participated in the study.

This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and based on the grounded theory method. The research population included couples living in Ardabil who had been living together for at least three years. Purposive sampling was used, followed by theoretical sampling. In the screening stage, couples were assessed with two tools: the "Positive Feelings Towards Spouse Questionnaire" and the "Spanier Marital Compatibility Scale," and couples were selected who scored two standard deviations below the mean and described themselves as "unsuccessful couples" in the preliminary interview. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation, and finally 14 eligible couples participated in the study.

Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. For consistency in questions, a short interview guide was prepared so that the main questions were the same for all participants, but the possibility of asking follow-up questions based on the content of the conversation was provided. The interviews were recorded and fully transcribed with informed consent. Ethical principles, including confidentiality and freedom to participate in the research, were observed.

Data analysis was conducted based on the Strauss and Corbin approach and in two stages of open coding and axial coding. Each interview was analyzed line by line immediately after the implementation, and the results were used as the basis for completing the categories and theoretical sampling. To increase reliability, two methods were used: 1. Participant review28: The implemented version of the interview and the initial codes were returned to the participants for approval. 2. Peer review29: Two qualitative method experts independently analyzed part of the data and the results were compared with the researcher's analysis.

Screening Tools

Although the nature of the research was qualitative, two tools were used only for the purpose of selecting suitable participants: Spanier Marital Adjustment Scale, Positive Feelings Towards Spouse Questionnaire. These tools were not used for quantitative analysis and their role was solely to determine the eligibility of couples to enter the study.

Findings: The results of the research showed that the indicators determining unsuccessful marriage cover a wide range.