The Effect of Parenting Styles on Children Attachment Dimensions

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Author

Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of parenting style on prediction of children's attachment style. To achieve this aim, the study investigates whether different parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglectful) Leads to shaping various attachment styles (secure, fearful, preoccupied and dismissing) in children? 508 high school adolescent boys and girls with the age range of 14-19 participated in this study and were selected through Stratified Random Sampling method. Data were gathered through Parenting Style Questionnaire (PSQ) and Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). In order to analyze the data, the researcher used Multiple Regression statistics. The results showed, Authoritative, authoritarian, neglectful and permissive parenting styles have positive and significant relationships with secure, preoccupied, fearful and dismissing attachment in children respectively and are considered as direct and significant predictor of them in children. The present study, with emphasize on fundamental role of parenting styles, recommend learning of authoritative parenting style and correction of authoritarian, neglectful and permissive parenting styles to parents in family setting.

Keywords


  1. زینالی، ع، شریفی، ح، عنایتی، م، عسگری، پ، پاشا، غ. (1390). گسترش و رواسازی پرسشنامه شیوه‌های تربیتی والدین. فصلنامه اندیشه‌های تازه در علوم تربیتی، سال ششم، شماره سوم، 129- 145.
  2. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1982). Attachment: Retrospect and prospect. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson- Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 3–30). New York: Basic Books.
  3. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244.
  4. Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88.
  5. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4, 1–103.
  6. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95.
  7. Berk, L. E. (2010). Development through the lifespan (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  8. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
  9. Bowlby, J. (1975). Separation: Anxiety and anger (Vol. 2). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  10. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss, sadness, and depression. New York: Basic Books.
  11. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base. New York: Basic Books.
  12. Darling, N. (1999). Parenting style and its correlates. ERIC Digest. Champaign: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education, University of Illinois, (ED 427 896). Available: http://ericeece.org/pubs/digests/1999/darlin99.html.
  13. Gamble, S., & Roberts, J. (2005). Adolescents' perceptions of primary caregivers and cognitive style: The roles of attachment security and gender. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 123-141.
  14. Karavasilis, L, Doyle, A. B., & Markiewicz, D. (2003). Associations between parenting style and attachment to mother in middle childhood and adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 153-164.
  15. Karen, R. (1998). Becoming attached:First relationships and how they shape our capacity to love. New York: Oxford University Press.
  16. Kassel, J. D., Wardle, M., & Roberts, J. E. (2007). Adult attachment security and college student substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1164–1176.
  17. Maccoby, E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.) & P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 4: Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1–101). New York: Wiley.
  18. Martens, P. (2006). Parenting and internal working models in preschool-age children. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, Vol 67(2-B). Northern Illinois University, US. http://commons.lib.niu.edu/handle/10843/11507
  19. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood. New York: Guilford Press.
  20. Neal, J., & Frick-Horbury, D. (2001). The effects of parenting styles and childhood attachment patterns on intimate relationships. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 28(3), 178-183.
  21. Obegi, J. H., & Berant, E. (2009). Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults. New York: The Guilford Press.
  22. Pellerin, L. A. (2005). Applying Baumrinds' parenting typology to high schools: Toward a middle-range theory of authoritative socialization. Journal of Social Science Research, 34, 283–303.
  23. Polek, E. (2007). Attachment in cultural context. Nederland. Ubbo-Emmius Foundation of the University Groningen [ Phd Thesis].
  24. Polek, E., Van Oudenhoven, J. P., & Ten Berge, J. M. F. (2008). Attachment styles and demographic factors as predictors of sociocultural and psychological adjustment of Eastern European emigrants in the Netherlands. International Journal of Psychology, 43, 919-928.
  25. Riley, p. (2011). Attachment theory and the teacher-student relationship. New York: Routledge publication.
  26. Speirs Neumeister, K. L., & Finch, H. (2006). Perfectionism in high-ability student. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 50(3), 238-251.
  27. van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1997). Intergenerational transmission of attachment: A move to the contextual level. In L. Atkinson & J. K. Zucker (Eds.), Attachment and psychopathology (pp. 135–170). New York: Guilford Press.
  28. Van Oudenhoven, J. P., Hofstra, J., & Bakker, W. (2003). Ontwikkeling en evaluatie van de Hechtingstijlvragenlijst (HSL) [Development and evaluation of the Attachment Styles Questionnaire]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 58, 95-102.