The Prediction of Borderline Personality Characteristics based on Attachment Styles and Self-Differentiation: the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 Department Consulting - Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University

3 Shahid Beheshti University

Abstract

Borderline personality disorder is a complex and serious mental disorder that contains a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotions, and impulsivity that begins in early adulthood. The aim of this study was to predict the characteristics of borderline personality disorder based on their attachment and differentiation styles through emotion regulation. The study population was all students of Tehran universities with a sample of 372 who were selected using available sampling method. Data collection tools were Drake Short Form of Self-Differentiation Scale (2011), Hazen and Schiver Adult Attachment Questionnaire (1987), Gratz and Roemer Emotional Difficulty Scale (2004), and Borderline Personality Disorder Characteristics Questionnaire. Research data were analyzed using correlation and regression methods.  The results showed that the difficulty in regulating emotion as a mediating variable partially affects the relationship between self-differentiation and attachment styles with borderline personality disorder traits. Therefore, in a general conclusion, it can be said  attachment styles, self-differentiation were mediated by emotion regulation, may predict the characteristics of borderline personality disorder independenly

Keywords

References

بشارت، م. ع.، (1392). مقیاس دلبستگی بزرگ‌سال: پرسش‌نامه، شیوه اجرا و کلید نمره‌گذاری (نسخه فارسی). روان‌شناسی تحولی: روان‌شناسان ایرانی، 35، 320-317.
بشارت، م. ع.، (1397). مقیاس دشواری تنظیم هیجان، اندیشه و رفتار در روان‌شناسی بالینی،12(47)، 82-92.
بشارت، م. ع.، اسدی، م. م.، و تولائیان، ف. (1394). نقش واسطه­ای استحکام من در رابطه بین سبک­های دلبستگی و راهبردهای نظم­دهی شناختی هیجان، روان‌شناسی تحولی: روان‌شناسان ایرانی، 12(46)، 107-119.
پورشهریار، ح.، علیزاده، ح.، و رجایی نیا، ک. (1397). تجربه آزار هیجانی کودکی ویژگی‌های اختلال شخصیت مرزی در بزرگ‌سالی: نقش واسطه‌ای سبک‌های دلبستگی و تنظیم هیجانی، روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی ایران، 24(2)، 153-162.
رحیمیان بوگر، ا.، نوری، ا.، عریضی، ح. ر.، مولوی، ح.، فروغی مبارکه، ع. (1386). رابطه سبک‌های دلبستگی بزرگ‌سالی با رضایت و استرس شغلی در پرستاران، روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران، 13(2)، 148-157.
فخاری، ن.، اعتماد، ج.، و لطیفیان، م. (1393). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی فرم کوتاه پرسش‌نامه تمایزیافتگی خود در دانشجویان ایرانی، اندازه‌گیری تربیتی، 15(5)، 35-58.
فدائی، م.، قنبری هاشم آبادی، ب.، و کیمیایی، س. ع. (1397). اثربخشی درمان فراتشخیصی یکپارچه بر تمایزیافتگی خود و دشواری تنظیم هیجان در مراجعان دارای نشانگان اضطرابی. دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، 61 (1)، 1-11.
کربلایی مهریزی، ز.، فرح بیجاری، ا.، و خدابخش، ر. (1393). مقایسه تمایزیافتگی و انسجام خود در افراد مبتلا به اختلال شخصیت مرزی، افراد مبتلا به اختلال دوقطبی و افراد بهنجار، علوم رفتاری، 8(1)، 97-104.
کرمانی­­­­مامازندی، ز.، و طالع‌پسند، س. (1397). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس دشواری تنظیم هیجان در دانشجویان دانشگاه سمنان، نشریه علمی‌پژوهشی آموزش و ارزشیابی،11(42)،142-177.
محمودعلیلو، م.، و شریفی، م. ا. (۱۳۹۱). رفتاردرمانی دیالکتیکی برای اختلال شخصیت مرزی. تهران: انتشارات ناردیس.
 
 
 
Aguirre, B. (2014). Borderline Personality Disorder in Adolescents. Beverly, Massachusetts: Fair Winds Press
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., & Waters, E. (1978). wall, S. (1978) Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, Lawlence Erlbaum Associates.
Alilou MM, Sharifi M.A(2012). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder]. Tehran: Tehran University Press, 2012 (In Persian).
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (Revised 5 ed). Washington: American Psychiatric Association
Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2012). Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach. Cengage Learning.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2010). Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder. World psychiatry, 9(1), 11-15.
Besharat, M. A. (2011). Development and validation of adult attachment inventory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 475-479.
Besharat, M. A. (2013). Adult Attachment Inventory: Questionnaire, Instruction and Scoring Key (Persian Version). Developmental Pschology: Iranian Psychologists, 19(35), 317-320 (In Persian).
Besharat, M. A. (2018). Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 12(47), 82-92 (In Persian).
Besharat, M. A., Asadi, M. M., & Tavalaeyan, F. (2016). Mediating role of ego strength in the relationship between attachment styles and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. ‏ Developmental Pschology: Iranian Psychologists, 12(46), 107-119 (In Persian).
Bowen, M. (1993). Family therapy in clinical practice. Maryland: Jason Aronson.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, vol. 1. Attachment. International Psycho‐Analytical Library. New York: Basic Book.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety and anger. In Attachment and Loss: Volume II: Separation, Anxiety and Anger (pp. 1-429). London: The Hogarth press and the institute of psycho-analysis.
Bowlby, J. (1975). Attachment theory, separation anxiety, and mourning. American handbook of psychiatry; New York: American Handbook of Psychology.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. American journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base. New York: Basic Books
Diamond, G. S., & Stern, R. S. (2003). Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Depressed Adolescents: Repairing Attachment Failures. In S. M. Johnson & V. E. Whiffen (Eds.)., Attachment processes in couple and family therapy (pp. 191–212). London: Guilford Press.
Drake, J. R. (2011). Differentiation of self-inventory- short form: creation and initial evidence of construct validity, Doctoral dissertation in Psychology, University of Missouri-Kansas City.
Fakhari, N., Latifian, M., & Etemd, J. (2014). A Study of Psychometric Properties of the Executive Skills Scale for Pre-School Children (Parent Form). Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 4(15), 35-58 (In Persian).‏
Fadaei, M., Ghanbari Hashem Abadi, B. A., & Kimiaee, S. A. (2019). The efficacy of integrated meta-diagnosis therapy on their differentiation and the difficulty of regulating excitement in patients with anxiety syndrome. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 61(1), 1-11 (In Persian).‏
Fenske, S., Lis, S., Liebke, L., Niedtfeld, I., Kirsch, P., & Mier, D. (2015). Emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder: effects of emotional information on the negative bias. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 2(1), 10-12.
Fernando, S., Beblo, T., Schlosser, N., Terfehr, K., Otte, C., Löwe, B., ... & Wingenfeld, K. (2014). The impact of self-reported childhood trauma on emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder and major depression. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(4), 384-401.
Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., & Strathearn, L. (2011). Borderline personality disorder, mentalization, and the neurobiology of attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 32(1), 47-69.
Gambin, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Konecka, A., & Sharp, C. (2020). Relations between attachment to mother and father, mentalizing abilities and emotion regulation in adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(1), 19-38.
Goldberg, S. (2000). Later development and assessment of attachment beyond infancy. Attachment and developelopment. London: Arnold Publishers, 34-51.
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment, 26(1), 41-54.‏
Gresham, D., & Gullone, E. (2012). Emotion regulation strategy use in children and adolescents: The explanatory roles of personality and attachment. Personality and individual differences, 52(5), 616-621.
Güler, Ç. Y., & Karaca, T. (2020). The Role of Differentiation of Self in Predicting Rumination and Emotion Regulation Difficulties. Contemporary Family Therapy, 1-11.
Hardy, N. R., & Fisher, A. R. (2018). Attachment versus differentiation: The contemporary couple therapy debate. Family process, 57(2), 557-571.
Hooper, L. M., & DePuy, V. (2010). Mediating and moderating effects of differentiation of self on depression symptomatology in a rural community sample. The Family Journal, 18(4), 358-368.
Huprich, S. K., Nelson, S. M., Paggeot, A., Lengu, K., & Albright, J. (2017). Object relations predicts borderline personality disorder symptoms beyond emotional dysregulation, negative affect, and impulsivity. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(1), 46-53.
Karbalaee Mehrizi, Z., Farah Bidjari, A., & KHodabakhsh, R. (2014). The comparison of differentiation and integration of self in individuals with borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder and normal samples. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 8(1), 97-104.
Kealy, D., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Howell-Jones, G. (2011). Object relations and emotional processing deficits among psychiatric outpatients. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 199(2), 132-135.
Kermani Mamazandi, Z., & Tale Pasand, S. (2018). Psychometric characteristics of difficulties in emotion regulation scale in Semnan University students. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation, 11(42), 117-142 (In Persian).‏
Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family Evaluation. An Approach Based on Bowen Theory. New York: Norton Press.
Khoury, J. E., Zona, K., Bertha, E., Choi-Kain, L., Hennighausen, K., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2020). Disorganized attachment interactions among young adults with borderline personality disorder, other diagnoses, and no diagnosis. Journal of personality disorders, 34(6), 764-784.
Kim, S., Sharp, C., & Carbone, C. (2014). The protective role of attachment security for adolescent borderline personality disorder features via enhanced positive emotion regulation strategies. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(2), 125.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. London: Guilford publications.
Lesage, A. D., Boyer, R., Grunberg, F., Vanier, C., Morissette, R., Ménard-Buteau, C., & Loyer, M. (1994). Suicide and mental disorders: a case-control study of young men. The American journal of psychiatry. 151(1), 1063-8.
Linehan, M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder (Vol. 29). New York: Guilford press.‏
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (2003). Attachment style and affect regulation: Implications for coping with stress and mental health. Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal processes, 535-557.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P.R. (2012). An attachment Perspective on Psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 11(1), 11-15
Millon, T., Millon, C. M., Meagher, S. E., Grossman, S. D., & Ramnath, R. (2012). Personality disorders in modern life. London: John Wiley & Sons.
Pourshahriar, H., Alizade, H., & Rajaeinia, K. (2018). Childhood Emotional Abuse and Borderline Personality Disorder Features: The Mediating Roles of Attachment Style and Emotion Regulation. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 148-163 (in Persian).‏
Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2018). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rahimian Boogar, E., Nouri, A., Oreizy, H., Molavi, H., & Foroughi Mobarake, A. (2007). Relationship between adult attachment styles with job satisfaction and job stress in nurses. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology, 13(2), 148-157.‏
Rosenstein, L.K., Ellison, W.D., Walsh, E., Chelminski, I., Dalrymple, K., & Zimmerman, M. (2018). The Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties in the Connection Between Childhood Emotional Abuse and Borderline Personality Features. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(6), 590–594
Sharf, R. S. (2015). Theories of psychotherapy & counseling: Concepts and cases. Cengage Learning. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Shenoy, S. K., & Praharaj, S. K. (2019). Borderline personality disorder and its association with bipolar spectrum and binge eating disorder in college students from South India. Asian journal of psychiatry, 44, 20-24.
Skowron, E. A., & Dendy, A. K. (2004). Differentiation of self and attachment in adulthood: Relational correlates of effortful control. Contemporary family therapy, 26(3), 337-357.
Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The Differentiation of self-inventory: development and initial validation. Journal of counseling psychology, 45(3), 235.
Skowron, E., Duch-Ceballos, & C., Oliver Pece, J., (2020). Differentiation of self and Its relationship with emotional self-regulation and anxiety in a spanish sample. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 1-17.
Smith, M., & South, S. (2020). Romantic attachment style and borderline personality pathology: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 75, 101781.
van Dijke, A., & Ford, J. D. (2015). Adult attachment and emotion dysregulation in borderline personality and somatoform disorders. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 2(1), 6.
Weems, C. F., & Pina, A.A. (2010). The Assessment of emotion regulation: Improving construct validity in research on psychopathology in youth—an Introduction to the Special Section. Journal of Psychopathol Behav Assess, 32,1–7.
Zaki, L. F., Coifman, K. G., Rafaeli, E., Berenson, K. R., & Downey, G. (2013). Emotion differentiation as a protective factor against nonsuicidal self-injury in borderline personality disorder. Behavior therapy, 44(3), 529-540.
Journal of Family Research
Volume 17, Issue 4 - Serial Number 68
February 2022
Pages 613-631

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics