Prevalence of Early Marriage of Girls and its Determinant Factors in Iranian Counties in 2016

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 PhD Student in Demography.Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Master of Demography. Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran

3 Associate Professor of Demography, Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran. Tehran.Iran.

Abstract

Marriage is one of the most essential and long-lasting interpersonal relationships that is truly important in the transition to adulthood. This study investigates the rate of girls' early marriage in 2016 and its indicators in the country's counties. The research method of the article is a secondary analysis of 2016 census data. The results designate a higher predominance of girls' early marriage in the northeastern and northwestern regions of the country. The outcomes of multivariate analysis showed that among the studied factors, the level of education (negative effect), the ratio of rurality and the social pressure to marry on men (positive effect), respectively, have the most significant influence on the early marriage of girls aged 10-14 years. Concerning the early marriage of 15-19-year-old girls, education (negative effect) and the social pressure to marry on men and rurality ratio (positive effect) had the most impact. Consequently, education is a protective factor against early marriage. In contrast, rurality and the social pressure to marry on men are major drivers of early marriage.

Keywords


آقایی، س.، و طاهری، ر. (1392). نگرش جوانان به تأثیر عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی و فرهنگی مؤثر در بالارفتن سن ازدواج (مورد مطالعه: ناحیۀ 2 و 3 منطقۀ 4 تهران سال 1391). مطالعات جامعه‌شناختی ایران. 8، 75-94.
احمدی، و.، و رضایی، ا. (1394). بررسی پیشرسی ازدواج در استان‌های کشور در طی سال‌های 1385 تا 1390، فصلنامۀ جمعیت، پاییز و زمستان 1394، 93، 94-81.
احمدی، ع. (1383). بررسی تأثیر ازدواج زودهنگام بر ترک تحصیل زنان نوجوان در ایران با رویکرد چندسطحی، دومین همایش انجمن جمعیت‌شناسی ایران، انجمن جامعه‌شناسی ایران، دانشگاه شیراز.
افتخارزاده، س. ز. (1394). تجربۀ زیستۀ زنان در ازدواج زودهنگام، پژوهشنامۀ مددکاری اجتماعی، 3، 156-108.
امین، ف. (1376). روش‌های مقدماتی آماری در روان‌شناسی تعلیم و تربیت، تهران: شرکت سهامی کتاب‌های حبیبی.
حبیب‌پور گتابی، ک.، و غفاری، غ. ر. (1390). علل افزایش سن ازدواج دختران. زن در توسعه و سیاست. 1، 34-7.
حسینی، ح.، صادقی، ر.، رضایی، ا. (1398). عوامل مؤثر بر تأخیر ازدواج دختران در شهرستان‌های ایران، توسعۀ محلی (شهری ـ روستایی)، 1، 147-172.
حسینی، ح.، گراوند، ح. (1395). تبیین شکاف در رفتار و نگرش زنان نسبت به الگوی انتخاب همسر در شهر کوهدشت. جامعه‌شناسی کاربردی، ۱، 128-113.
خلج‌آبادی فراهانی، ف.، کاظمی‌پور، ش.، رحیمی، ع. (1390). روند تغییرات شاخص‌های ازدواج در منتخبی از کشورهای آسیا و اقیانوسیه با تأکید بر ایران طی چهار دهۀ گذشته (2010-1970)، نامۀ انجمن جمعیت‌شناسی، 11، 85-49.
سازمان ثبت‌احوال کشور (1397). سالنامۀ آمارهای جمعیتی 1396، تهران: سازمان ثبت‌احوال کشور.
عباسی شوازی، م. ج.، صادقی، ر. (1384). قومیت و الگوهای ازدواج در ایران، فصلنامۀ پژوهش زنان، 1، 47-25.
کنعانی، م. ا. (1385). پیوند سنت و نوسازی در افزایش سن ازدواج: نمونه ایرانیان ترکمن، نامۀ انجمن جمعیت‌شناسی ایران، 1، 126-104.
کاظمی‌پور، ش. (1383). تحول سن ازدواج زنان در ایران و عوامل جمعیتی مؤثر بر آن، پژوهش زنان، 3، 124-103.
کاوه فیروز، ز.، کاظمی‌پور، ش. (1393). تعیین‌کننده‌های اجتماعی ـ جمعیتی افزایش سن ازدواج، زن در توسعه و سیاست. 3. 118-101.
لوکاس، د.، پاول، م. (1381). درآمدی بر مطالعات جمعیتی، ترجمۀ حسین محمودیان، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
محمودیان، ح. (1383). سن ازدواج در حال افزایش: بررسی عوامل پشتیبان، نامۀ علوم اجتماعی، 24، 54-27.
محمودیان، ح.، فیروز، ر. (1389). عوامل اجتماعی و جمعیتی مؤثر بر فاصلۀ سنی زوجین در استان اردبیل. مطالعات راهبردی زنان. 50، 184-153.
مقدادی، م. م.، جوادپور، م. (1396). تأثیر ازدواج زودهنگام بر سلامت جنسی کودکان و سازوکارهای مقابله با آن، فصلنامۀ حقوق پزشکی، ۴۰، 60-31.
 
 
Amin, S. (2011). “Programs to address child marriage: Framing the Problem.” Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood. Population Council Brief No. 14.
Anita, S. (2020). Hubungan Sumber informasi, Budaya dan Keluarga dengan Pernikahan Dini pada Wanita PUS (Pasangan Usia Subur) di Desa Tembung Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Ovary Midwifery Journal, 2(1), 36-41.
Boender, C. (2018). Child, Early, and Forced Marriage: CARE's Global Experience. CARE. New York: Routledge.
Chandra-Mouli, V., Greifinger, R., Nwosu, A., Hainsworth, G., Sundaram, L., Hadi,    S., ... & Schoening, E. (2013). Invest in adolescents and young people: it pays. Reproductive health, 10(1), 51.
Field, E., & Ambrus, A. (2008). Early marriage, age of menarche, and female schooling attainment in Bangladesh. Journal of political Economy, 116(5), 881-930.
Finlay, J. E., Özaltin, E., & Canning, D. (2011). The association of maternal age with infant mortality, child anthropometric failure, diarrhoea and anaemia for first births: evidence from 55 low-and middle-income countries. BMJ open, 1(2), e000226.
Gebel, M., & Heyne, S. (2016). Delayed transitions in times of increasing uncertainty: School-to-work transition and the delay of first marriage in Jordan. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 46, 61-72.
Glick, P., Handy, C., & Sahn, D. E. (2015). Schooling, marriage, and age at first birth in Madagascar. Population Studies, 69(2), 219-236.
Hosseini, H., & Erfani, A. (2014). Ethnic differences in the attitudes and practice of consanguineous marriage among Kurds and Turks in Uromiyeh District, Iran. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 45(3), 389-403.
Hyseni Duraku, Z., Jemini-Gashi, L., & Toçi, E. (2020). Perceptions of Early Marriage, Educational Aspirations, and Career Goals among Kosovar Adolescents. Marriage & Family Review, 1-22.
Idris, F., Hassan, Z., Ya’acob, A., Gill, S. K., & Awal, N. A. M. (2012). The role of education in shaping youth's national identity. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 443-450.
Ikamari, L. D. (2005). The effect of education on the timing of marriage in Kenya. Demographic Research, 12, 1-28.  
International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) (2007). How to End Child Marriage Action Strategies for Prevention and Protection. Washington DC: ICRW Publication.
International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). 2006. “Child Marriage and Poverty,” from Too Young to Wed: Advocacy Toolkit: Education & Change Toward Ending Child Marriage. Washington DC: ICRW.
Jain, G., Bisen, V., Singh, S. K., & Jain, P. (2011). Early marriage of girls as a barrier to their education. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, 2(3), 193-198.
Jensen, R., & Thornton, R. (2003). Early female marriage in the developing world. Gender & Development, 11(2), 9-19.
Jones, N., Tefera, B., Stephenson, J., Gupta, T., Pereznieto, P., Emire, G., ... & Gezhegne, K. (2014). Early marriage and education: the complex role of social norms in shaping Ethiopian adolescent girls’ lives. Country Report: Shaping policy for development, 1-103.
Kempadoo, K., Dunn, L. L. (2001). Factors that Shape the Initiation of Early Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Boys and Girls: A Study in Three Communities in Jamaica. UNICEF and UNFPA, Kingston, Jamaica.
Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition, Population and Development Review, 36(2), 211-251.
Loaiza, E., S.R., & Wong, S. (2012). Marrying too young. End child marriage. Research report retrieved from the United Nations Population Fund: https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/MarryingTooYoung.pdf
Malhotra, A. (1997). Gender and the timing of marriage: Rural-urban differences in Java. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 434-450.
Matlabi, H., Rasouli, A., Behtash, H. H., Dastjerd, A. F., & Khazemi, B. (2013). Factors responsible for early and forced marriage in Iran. Science Journal of Public Health, 1(5), 227-229.
Mehra, S., & Agrawal, D. (2004). Adolescent health determinants for pregnancy and child health outcomes among the urban poor. Indian pediatrics, 41(2), 137-145.
Mensch, B. S., Singh, S., & Casterline, J. B. (2005). Trends in the timing of first marriage among men and women in the developing world. The changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries: Selected studies, 118-171.
Minh, N. H. (1997). Age at first marriage in Viet Nam: Patterns and determinants. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 12(2), 1-15.
Montazeri, S., Gharacheh, M., Mohammadi, N., Alaghband Rad, J., & Eftekhar Ardabili, H. (2016). Determinants of early marriage from married girls’ perspectives in Iranian setting: a qualitative study. Journal of environmental and public health, doi: 10.1155/2016/8615929.
Nasrullah, M., Zakar, R., Zakar, M. Z., Abbas, S., Safdar, R., Shaukat, M., & Krämer, A. (2014). Knowledge and attitude towards child marriage practice among women married as children-a qualitative study in urban slums of Lahore, Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1148.
Nurani, F., Mardiyono, M., Supriyono, B., & Wijaya, A. F. (2020). Social Capital Analysis of the Engagement Culture Towards Reducing IMRs and MMRs: A Study of the Pandalungan Community. A Technical Note. Australasian Accounting. Business and Finance Journal, 14(1), 79-87.
Palmore, J. (1983). The Country Effect: A six nation Overview of the determinants of Nuptiality and Cumulative Fertility. United Nations: Asian Population Studies Series, 59, 6-11.
Prakash, R., Singh, A., Pathak, P. K., & Parasuraman, S. (2011). Early marriage, poor reproductive health status of mother and child well-being in India. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health, 37(3), 136-145.
Raj, A. (2010). When the mother is a child: the impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood (ADC), 95, 931-935.
Rosina, A., and Fraboni, R (2004). Is marriage losing its centrality in Italy?, Demographic Research, 11(6), 149-172.
Santhya, K. G., & Jejeebhoy, S. J. (2015). Sexual and reproductive health and rights of adolescent girls: Evidence from low-and middle-income countries. Global public health, 10(2), 189-221.
Smith, P. C. (1980). Asian marriage patterns in transition. Journal of Family History, 5(1), 58-96.
Thapa, S. (1997). Timing of family formation in ethnic mosaic Nepal: a district-level analysis. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 12(2), 1-8.
Torabi, F., & Baschieri, A. (2010). Ethnic differences in transition to first marriage in Iran: The role of marriage market, women’s socio-economic status, and process of development. Demographic Research, 22, 29-62.
Tremayne, S. (2006). Modernity and early marriage in Iran: a view from within. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 2(1), 65-94.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2005). Early Marriage: A Harmful Traditional Practice: A Statistical Exploration. New York: UNICEF Publication.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2016). The state of the world's children: inequity imperils millions of children and threatens the future of the world. New York: UNICEF Publication.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2017). Child Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa. Jordan: UNICEF Publication.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2006). Ending Child Marriage: A Guide for Global Action, International Planned Parenthood Federation and the Forum on Marriage and the Rights of Women and Girls, London.
Von Elm, B., & Hirschman, C. (1979). Age at first marriage in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 877-891.
Westoff, C. F. (2003). Trends in Marriage and Early Childbearing in Developing Countries. DHS Comparative Reports No. 5. Macro International Inc.: Calverton, Maryland.
World Health Organization. (2011). Guideline on Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reproductive Outcomes Among Adolescents in Developing Countries: Author.
Xenos, P., & Gultiano, S. A. (1992). Trends in female and male age at marriage and celibacy in Asia. Honolulu: Hawaii Publication.