Compilation and Validation of a Parental Care Program based on Lived Experiences of Mothers of children with Diabetes

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 Phd.student,Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Isfahan (khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Associated Professor,Addictive Behaviours Research Center, Isfahan (khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Isfahan (khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this research is to develop and validate a parental care program based on the lived experiences of mothers with diabetic children. Using the qualitative method and phenomenological approach, 16 mothers with diabetic children were selected using a targeted sampling method, and then through a semi-structured interview, information on the care factors of diabetic children was collected. The analysis of data using the Claizzeri method showed 4 main themes including "impact on individual characteristics", "impact on family", "concerns", and "needs" and 18 sub-themes were classified. According to these themes, a parental care program was designed and compiled in 14 sessions for mothers and 6 sessions for children with diabetes. Validation results showed that the minimum and maximum CVR for each component of the program were calculated as 0.81 and 1, respectively. The minimum and maximum amount of CVI for each item or component of the program was obtained as 0.80 and 1, respectively. The average content validity index for the whole program was 0.96. The results showed that the parental care program based on the lived experiences of mothers with diabetic children has good form and content validity and has the necessary validity for educational, clinical and research applications.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Afshari, M., Gerji, Y. (2018). The use of cognitive-behavioral therapy in psychological
problems of type 1 diabetes, Tehran. Behesht Publication [in Persian].
American Diabetes Association. (2013). Standards of medical care in diabetes, Diabetes
Care, 36(1), S11–S66.
Asarzadegan, M., and Raisi, Z. (2019). The effectiveness of positive psychology training in
psychological well-being and its dimensions among patients with type 2 diabetes.
Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 7(2), 793-808 [in Persian].
Baylos, R. (2011). Diabetes, translated by Farhad Hematkhah, Tehran: Asr Kitab
Publications [in Persian].
Danaifard, H., Khairgo, M., Azar, A., and Fani, A. A. (2011). Understanding the transfer of
administrative policy in Iran/ a research based on data foundation strategy,
Organizational Culture Management, 2(10), 5-28 [in Persian].
DeCosta1, P. D., Grabowski, T. C., & Skinner, S. (2020). Systematic Review or Meta-
Analysis The psychosocial experience and needs of children newly diagnosed with type 1
diabetes from their own perspective: a systematic and narrative review, DIABETIC
Medicine.
Deeb, A., Akle, M., Al Ozairi, A., & Cameron, F. (2018). Common Issues Seen in Paediatric
Diabetes Clinics, Psychological Formulations, and Related Approaches to Management,
J Diabetes Res, 27, 168-175.
De Wit, M., & Snoek, F. J. (2011). Depressive symptoms and unmet psychological needs of
Dutch youth with type 1 diabetes: results of a web-survey, Pediatric Diabetes, 12(3),
172-176.
Duru, N. S., Civilibal, M., & Elevli, M. (2016). Quality of life and psychological screening
in children with type 1 diabetes and their mothers, Journal Experimental and clinical
Endocrinology and Diabetes, 124(2), 105-110.
Ferrari, M., McIlwain, D. J., & Ambler, G. (2018). A qualitative comparison of needles and
insulin pump use in children with type 1 diabetes, J Health Psychol, 23(10), 1332-1342.
Elsobky, F.A., Darweesh, H.A.M., Alzahrani, S.H.A., & Bassam, S.E.A. (2023). The Impact
of a Self-Management Program Based on the 5 A's Model on Type 1 Diabetes in School-
Aged Children, Ann Nutr Metab, 78(4), 197-206.
Emami Sigaroudi, A., and others. (1992). Qualitative Research Methodology: Phenomenology,
Journal of Comprehensive Nursing and Midwifery, 6(22), 63-56 [in Persian].
Ghiyasvandian, S., Salimi, A., Navidhamidi, M., & Ebrahimi, H. (2017). Assessing the
Effect of Self-Management Education on Quality of Life of Patients with Diabetes
Mellitus Type 2, Journal of Knowledge & Health, 12(1), 50-56 [in Persian].
Hajinia, Z., Alaei Karahrudi, F., Zairi, H., and Ghasemi, A. (2021). The effect of face-to-face
and virtual self-care training on the self-management of school-age children with type 1
diabetes, Modern Family Medicine Journal, 1(1), 104 [in Persian].
Hammet Mekan, N., Golshani, F., Baghdasarians, A., and Emamipour, S. (2021). The
effectiveness of encouragement training on diabetic quality of life and emotional
behavioral disorders in adolescents with diabetes, Psychiatric Nursing, 9(5), 14-23 [in
Persian].
Hannonen, R., Aunola, K., Eklund, K., & Ahonen, T. (2019). Maternal Parenting Styles and
Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes, Int J Environ Res Public Health,
16(2), 214.
Hockenberry, M., & Wilson, D. (2012). Nursing care of infants and children: promoting the
health of the newborn and the family, health problems of the newborn, high-risk newborn
and the family, physical development defects (Volume 1), translated by Dehghan Anari,
M., Dehghan Anari D. Kerman: Kerman Azad University Press [in Persian].
Homan, H. (2015). Multivariate data analysis in behavioral research, Tehran: Farhang
Publications [in Persian].
Hosseini, S. N., Fatuhi, A., and Rezainejad. s. (2017). Investigating the quality of life in
diabetic people - a systematic review, the fifth annual research conference of Semnan
University of Medical Sciences, Semnan [in Persian].
Iman, M. T. (2017). Qualitative Methodology, Tehran: Hoza and University Research Institute.
Iovino, P., Lyons, K. S., De Maria, M., Vellone, E., Ausili, D., Lee, C. S., Riegel, B., &
Matarese, M. (2021). Patient and caregiver contributions to self-care in multiple chronic
conditions: A multilevel modelling analysis, Int J Nurs Stud, 116, 103574.
Khalili, A., Aghaei, S., Dosti Irani, A., Razavi, Z., and Cheraghi, F. (2021). Investigating the
relationship between demographic characteristics and dimensions of virtual self-care of
diabetic children, Pejohan Science Journal, 19(1), 38-43 [in Persian].
Khanjirian, F., and Ahani, M. (2018). Self-care in children type 1, the 12th conference of
hereditary diseases of children and glands and metabolism, Tehran [in Persian].
Madrigal, M. A., López, M., Sánchez, A., Cao, M. J., Castro, M. J., & Jiménez, J. M. (2020).
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatric Patients and Its Impact on Relationships in the
Family Environment, Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 13, 4973-4980.
Mauri, A., Schmidt, S., Sosero, V., Sambataro, M., Nollino, L., Fabris, F., Corò, A.,
Scantamburlo, A., Marcon, M. L., Cazziola-Merlotto, M., Ciani, T., Tessarin, M., &
Paccagnella, A. (2021). A structured therapeutic education program for children and
adolescents with type 1 diabetes: an analysis of the efficacy of the "Pediatric Education
for Diabetes" project, Minerva Pediatr (Torino), 73(2), 159-166.
Montazeri, M., Soltanizadeh, M., and Latifi, Z. (2021). The effectiveness of cognitivebehavioral
therapy on anxiety caused by insulin injection in children and adolescents
with type 1 diabetes, clinical psychology studies, 11(42), 145-165 [in Persian].
Moreira, H., Frontini, R., Bullinger, M., & Canavarro, M. C. (2014). Family cohesion and
health related quality of life of children with type 1 diabetes: The mediating role of
parental adjustment, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 347-359.
Moravej, H., Abedi, S., Ghorbani, A., Yazdani, N., Amirhakimi, A., & Ilkhanipoor, H.
(2020). The Effect of Team Self –Management Training on Blood Sugar Control in
Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetic. J Diabetes Nurs, 8 (4), 1212-1222 [in
Persian].
Özçelik, Ç., Aktaş, E., Şen Celasin, N., Karahan Okuroğlu, G., & Şahin, Ş. (2019). The
Development and Validation of a Turkish Insulin Treatment Self-Management Scale
Child Form (Ages 8-18) and Parent Form, J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol, 11(3), 278-286.
Potton, S. R., Dolan, L. M., Smith, L. B., Thomas, I. H., & Powers, S. W. (2011). Pediatric
parenting stress and its relationship to depressive symptoms and fear of hypoglycemia in
parents with type1 diabetes mellitus, Journal of clinical psychology in medical
setting,18(4), 345-352.
Rezasafet Belsbaneh, A., Mirhaqjo, S. N., Jafari Asl, M., Koh Manai, Sh., Kazemnejad Lili,
A., and Monfard, A. (2013). The relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in
adolescents with type 1 diabetes, Jame Nagar Nursing and Midwifery, 24(99), 9-18 [in
Persian].
Rezaei Kokhdan, F., Dartaj, F., Ghaemi, F., Hatami, M., and Delavar, A. (2021). The
effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety, metabolic control and quality of
life of type 2 diabetes patients, Social Health, 8(4), 92-102 [in Persian].
Saeedpour, J., Jafari, M., Ghazi Asgar, M., Daryani Dardashti, H., and Timourzadeh, A.
(2012). Investigating the effect of self-care training on the quality of life of diabetic
patients, Health Management Quarterly, 16(52), 26-36 [in Persian].
Sanjari, M., Peyrovi, H., & Mehrdad, N. (2021). The Process of Managing the Children with
Type 1 Diabetes in the Family: A Grounded Theory Study, Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res,
26(1), 25-33 [in Persian].
Saul, H., Gursul, D., Cassidy, S., & Sharpe, D. (2022). Why don't children and young people
engage with diabetes services, BMJ, 377, 750.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: an introduction,
Am Psychol, 55(1), 5–14.
Sharifi, T., Javan-Noughabi, J., Asadi, Z., Zarqi, M. (2022). Reasons for non-participation in
a self-care training program for diabetic patients: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv
Res, 22(1), 127 [in Persian].
Streisand, R., Mackey, E. R., & Herge, W. (2010). Associations of parent coping, stress, and
well-being in mothers of children with diabetes: Examination of data from a national
sample, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 14, 612-617.
Szarkowski, A., & Brice, P. J. (2016). Hearing parents’ appraisals of parenting a deaf or
hard-of-hearing child: application of a positive psychology framework, J Deaf Stud Deaf
Educ, 21(3), 249–258.
Tal Azar, P. A., Rahimi Forushani, A., and Tosali, A. (2011). Evaluating the effect of
educational program in the form of small groups on improving the level of awareness and
health literacy of type 2 diabetic female patients referring to selected hospitals of Tehran
University of Medical Sciences, Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(104), 10-19 [in
Persian].
Winkley, K., Upsher, R., Stahl, D., Pollard, D., Kasera, A., Brennan, A., Heller, S., & Ismail,
K. (2020). Psychological interventions to improve self-management of type 1 and type 2
diabetes: a systematic review, Health Technol Assess, 24(28), 1-232.
World Health Organization. (2019). Global report on diabetes.
Uhm, J. Y., & Kim, M. S. (2020). Predicting Quality of Life among Mothers in an Online
Health Community for Children with Type 1 Diabetes, Children (Basel), 7(11), 235.
Yazdi, M., Safarinia, M., and Zare, H. (2020). Comparing the effectiveness of life-based
therapy and emotional regulation therapy on biological markers of HbA1C and blood
sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes, Health Psychology Quarterly, 9(33), 61-78 [in
Persian].
Zysberg, L., & Lang, T. (2015). Supporting parents of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus:
a literature review, Dove Press, 7, 21- 31.