دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622Identifying indicators of unsuccessful marriage (a qualitative study)شناسایی شاخص های ازدواج ناموفق ( یک مطالعه ی کیفی )10647810.48308/jfr.2025.238378.1901FAزهراخادمی آستانهدانشجوی دکتری تخصصی مشاوره،گروه آموزشی مشاوره و روانشناسی، دانشکده ی علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی،شهر اردبیل،کشور ایران/دانشگاه محقق0000-0001-8660-0493اسماعیلصدری دمیرچیاستاد گروه مشاوره. دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی. اردبیل. ایران.0000-0003-0568-052XJournal Article20250114Objective: To identify indicators of unsuccessful marriage. The method is qualitative using grounded theory and the statistical population includes all couples living in Ardabil who have been living together for at least 3 years. The process of the grounded theory theory is based on a structured approach based on 3 types of open coding20, axial21 and selective22. The statistical population of this study includes all couples living in Ardabil who have at least 3 years of cohabitation. The sampling method was purposive sampling and then theoretical sampling. First, sampling was carried out from the available population, which was described by (Strauss and Corbin23) that the couples selected for inclusion in the study had to have the following criteria: 1) Getting a low score (two standard deviations below the mean) on the scale of positive feelings towards the spouse24 and the Spanier marital adjustment scale25. 2) Based on the interview, describe themselves as unsuccessful couples. In the next step, the final sample group was determined by theoretical sampling. In theoretical sampling, when the system of categories, so-called "theory", is saturated, the process of collecting information stops (MacLeod26, 2001). Finally, 14 couples who described themselves as unsuccessful and scored low (two standard deviations below the mean) on the Spanier Marital Adjustment Questionnaire and the Positive Feelings Towards Spouse Questionnaire were subjected to in-depth semi-structured interviews27. The working process was such that, in compliance with the ethical principles of research and obtaining permission from the interviewees, the interviews were recorded accurately and then transcribed on paper. In this way, the interviewee had relative freedom to express what was in his and his wife's lives, and after each interview, the techniques mentioned by Strauss and Corbin were analyzed line by line and the codes obtained were recorded. After re-analyzing and categorizing the obtained codes, general categories were formed in the researcher's mind, and in the continuation of the interviews, the researcher's goal was to complete and saturate those categories. The interviews continued until the formed categories reached saturation and no new data was obtained regarding those categories. Finally, the following two methods were used to achieve reliability: 1) Control and validation by the sample group: In this method, the recorded interviews were returned to the interviewees for greater assurance to inform the researcher of the accuracy of the information provided. 2) Evaluation by referees: In this method, two experts in this method, as referees, analyzed a part of the interviews and their analyses were compared with the researcher's analyses, and finally a general agreement was reached. Open and axial coding methods were used to analyze the data, and the results of the research showed that the indicators determining unsuccessful marriage cover a wide range. The identified indicators were: individual indicators, non-interaction indicators, indicators related to the family of origin, and cultural indicators. Each of the obtained indicators includes different categories. To collect data in this study, two questionnaires were used, including Spanier's marital adjustment and the questionnaire of positive feelings towards the spouse. Determine the sample, purposive sampling and then theoretical sampling were used. Finally, until theoretical saturation was reached, 14 unsuccessful couples were subjected to in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin continuous comparative method. The research tools were the Spanier marital adjustment questionnaire and the positive feeling toward spouse questionnaire. Open and axial coding methods were used to analyze the data. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and based on the grounded theory method. The research population included couples living in Ardabil who had been living together for at least three years. Purposive sampling was used, followed by theoretical sampling. In the screening stage, couples were assessed with two tools: the "Positive Feelings Towards Spouse Questionnaire" and the "Spanier Marital Compatibility Scale," and couples were selected who scored two standard deviations below the mean and described themselves as "unsuccessful couples" in the preliminary interview. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation, and finally 14 eligible couples participated in the study.<br /><br />This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and based on the grounded theory method. The research population included couples living in Ardabil who had been living together for at least three years. Purposive sampling was used, followed by theoretical sampling. In the screening stage, couples were assessed with two tools: the "Positive Feelings Towards Spouse Questionnaire" and the "Spanier Marital Compatibility Scale," and couples were selected who scored two standard deviations below the mean and described themselves as "unsuccessful couples" in the preliminary interview. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation, and finally 14 eligible couples participated in the study.<br /><br />Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. For consistency in questions, a short interview guide was prepared so that the main questions were the same for all participants, but the possibility of asking follow-up questions based on the content of the conversation was provided. The interviews were recorded and fully transcribed with informed consent. Ethical principles, including confidentiality and freedom to participate in the research, were observed.<br /><br />Data analysis was conducted based on the Strauss and Corbin approach and in two stages of open coding and axial coding. Each interview was analyzed line by line immediately after the implementation, and the results were used as the basis for completing the categories and theoretical sampling. To increase reliability, two methods were used: 1. Participant review28: The implemented version of the interview and the initial codes were returned to the participants for approval. 2. Peer review29: Two qualitative method experts independently analyzed part of the data and the results were compared with the researcher's analysis.<br /><br />Screening Tools<br /><br />Although the nature of the research was qualitative, two tools were used only for the purpose of selecting suitable participants: Spanier Marital Adjustment Scale, Positive Feelings Towards Spouse Questionnaire. These tools were not used for quantitative analysis and their role was solely to determine the eligibility of couples to enter the study.<br /><br />Findings: The results of the research showed that the indicators determining unsuccessful marriage cover a wide range.هدف : شناسایی شاخص های ازدواج ناموفق است.روش از نوع کیفی با استفاده از نظریه داده بنیاد است و جامعه ی آماری شامل کلیه-ی زوج های ساکن شهر اردبیل بوده که دارای حداقل 3سال سابقه ی زندگی مشترک می باشند. به منظور تعیین نمونه از روش نمونه-گیری هدفمند و سپس نمونه گیری نظری استفاده شده است و تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری، در نهایت 14زوج ناموفق مورد مصاحبه ی عمیق نیمه ساختار یافته قرار گرفته و با استفاده از روش مقایسه ای مداوم استراوس و کوربین تحلیل شدند. ابزار های پژوهش، پرسشنامه ی سازگاری زناشویی اسپانیر و پرسشنامهی احساس مثبت نسبت به همسر بودند. به منظور تحلیل داده ها از روش کدگذاری باز و محوری استفاده شد. یافته ها : نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که شاخص های تعیین کننده ی ازدواج ناموفق ، طیف گسترده ای را در بر میگیرد. شاخص های شناسایی شده عبارتبودند از : شاخص های فردی ، شاخص های عدم تعاملی ، شاخص های مربوط به خانوادهی اصلی و شاخص های فرهنگی ، در واقع هر یک از شاخص های به دست آمده مقوله های مختلفی را در بر می گیرد که یافته های این پژوهش می تواند برای روانشناسان و مشاوران ازدواج مفید واقع شود.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622Management Strategies in Polygynous Family Systems: A Study of Polygamous Men in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistanبررسی راهبردهای مدیریت خانواده در نظام چندهمسری: مطالعه مردان چند همسر در شهر مزارشریف - افغانستان10658710.48308/jfr.2025.239537.1966FAمهنازفرهمندگروه جامعه شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران0000-0001-8480-9373عبداللهمرادیجامعه شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران.0009-0004-7474-6451Journal Article20250417Polygyny is a complex and challenging phenomenon in various societies, requiring careful management and specialized skills by polygamous men. This study aims to explore and analyze effective management strategies employed by polygamous men in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, and examines the techniques they use to reduce familial tensions and maintain balance in spousal relationships. The research adopts a qualitative approach using thematic analysis. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 27 polygamous men who had been in a plural marriage for at least five years.<br /><br />The findings reveal that the management strategies of polygamous men can be categorized into four main themes: authority and control, family cohesion, ethical conduct, and resilience patterns. The results indicate that ensuring fairness in the distribution of financial resources and equitable treatment among wives directly reduces conflicts and enhances family satisfaction. Additionally, adherence to ethical values such as honesty, consultation, and fairness plays a key role in strengthening solidarity and stability in polygamous families. Some men drew on the experiences of predecessors to mitigate conflicts and establish balance, striving to avoid past mistakes.چندهمسری یکی از مسائل پیچیده و چالشبرانگیز در جوامع مختلف است که نیازمند مدیریت دقیق و مهارتهای خاص از سوی مردان چند همسر است. این پژوهش باهدف بررسی و تحلیل تکنیکهای مؤثر مدیریتی مردان چند همسر در شهر مزارشریف افغانستان پرداخته و تکنیکهایی را که آنان برای کاهش تنشهای خانوادگی و ایجاد تعادل در روابط همسران به کار میگیرند، تحلیل میکند. مطالعه حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و روش تحلیل مضمون انجام شده. دادهها از طریق مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته با ۲۷ مرد چند همسر که حداقل پنج سال از ازدواج دوم آنها گذشته بود، جمعآوری شد. یافتهها نشان میدهد که استراتژیهای مدیریتی مردان چند همسر در چهار مضمون اصلی (اقتدار و کنترل، انسجام خانوادگی، اخلاقمداری و الگوهای تابآورانه) شناسایی شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که رعایت عدالت در توزیع منابع مالی و رفتار میان همسران، تأثیر مستقیمی بر کاهش تنشها و افزایش رضایت خانوادگی دارد. همچنین، پایبندی به ارزشهای اخلاقی همچون صداقت، مشورت، و انصاف، بهعنوان عوامل کلیدی در تقویت همبستگی و ثبات خانوادههای چندهمسری شناخته شدهاند. برخی مردان برای کاهش درگیریها و ایجاد تعادل، از تجربیات پیشینیان بهره برده و تلاش کردهاند از اشتباهات گذشته اجتناب کنند.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622Exploration of the Family Damages of Iranian Couples after Immigrating to Canadaواکاوی آسیبهای خانوادگی زوجین ایرانی پس از مهاجرت به کشور کانادا10665810.48308/jfr.2026.236924.1816FAسمیرااکبرپورگروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران'0000-0002-9531-2714مریمفاتحی زادهاستاد تمام گروه مشاوره دانشگاه اصفهانسمیهجابریگروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران0000-0003-3440-8357Journal Article20240923Introduction: Immigration, as a challenging socio-psychological phenomenon, has garnered increasing attention from researchers in recent years (Tylan & Weber, 2023). This life-altering process can cause numerous harms to the family system (Arabzadeh Behri, 2023). Canada, as one of the primary destinations for Iranian immigrants (Salavati, 2021) and one of the most immigrant-accepting countries in the world (Statistics Canada, 2022), provides a setting for studying these challenges. Although immigration can have positive consequences, such as increased independence or improved marital intimacy (Hyman et al., 2008), evidence suggests that it is associated with profound stressors that can reduce marital satisfaction (Eshghi 2023) and transform family dynamics (Aika et al., 2018). Challenges such as cultural incompatibility (Astinfeshan, 2024; Ziaian et al., 2023), economic and occupational issues (Fakhari et al., 2023), concerns about child rearing (Milewski, 2023), and the disruption of social support networks (Guruge et al., 2010) place strain on the relationships of immigrant couples. Despite these issues, a clear research gap was felt regarding a comprehensive analysis of family harms experienced by Iranian couples in the context of immigration to Canada. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to answer the fundamental question: What are the family harms faced by Iranian couples after immigrating to Canada?<br /><br />Methodology: This research employed a qualitative approach with thematic analysis. The analysis framework was Braun and Clarke's (2021) six-phase model: familiarization with the data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing the final report. The statistical population consisted of all Iranian couples who had immigrated to Canada and had at least 1 year of residency. Sampling was done purposively (criterion-based) and through virtual networks of Iranians residing in Canada. Inclusion criteria were both partners being of Iranian origin, at least 1 year since immigration, at least 2 years of marriage, informed consent, age range of 25 to 60 years, a minimum of a high school diploma, no history of psychiatric illness or divorce, and legal entry into Canada. The data were collected through semi-structured in-depth (online) interviews, which were conducted with 15 couples and continued until theoretical saturation was attained. Validation of the findings was conducted through participant review and auditing by family experts. Ethical considerations of the research comprised informed consent, confidentiality, and the right to withdraw from the research.<br /><br />Findings: Data analysis yielded 118 primary codes, 22 sub-themes, and eight main themes. Demographic characteristics indicated that the research samples mainly included young/middle-aged couples (30-53 years old), with higher education (mostly Master's degrees), residing in the country for two to five years, and often holding student visas. The main themes and sub-themes were as follows:<br /><br />1. Psychological Issues and Problems Related to Family: Including incompatibility with fundamental life changes, a deep sense of loneliness (especially in crises), increased anxiety and systemic stress, decreased tolerance and irritability in family interactions, and feelings of guilt resulting from the inability to support the family of origin.<br /><br />2. Marital Issues and Problems: Consisting of a relative increase in marital conflicts, a decrease in the quantity and quality of time spent together, the prominence of poor communication skills in the absence of a prior support network, and, in some cases, forced independence in addressing the relationship, which was an opportunity for some and a threat for others.<br /><br />3. Social Communication Challenges: With the components of "challenges in using the language" (beyond a practical obstacle and damaging to self-esteem) and "feelings of social insecurity" (bias in interpreting the behavior of others as discrimination).<br /><br />4. Occupational Issues Damaging to the Family: Including perceived job discrimination (feeling rejected based on prior identity) and job demotion (experiencing complex grief and identity conflict resulting from the loss of social position).<br /><br />5. Economic Damages to the Family: Consisting of difficult financial planning (starting over from scratch and losing symbolic assets) and difficult and costly housing provision (a structural barrier to feeling stable and settled).<br /><br />6. Educational Damages to Children in the Family: Including excessive government support for children (perceived confiscation of the parental relationship and authority, creating fear) and the continuous threat of changing values and educational concerns (normative conflict with the culture of the country of origin).<br /><br />7. Cultural Incompatibility Damaging to the Family System: With the sub-components of social alienation in a multicultural society and culture shock (loss of a familiar meaning system for interpreting behaviors).<br /><br />8. Strict and Rigid Laws Limiting the Family: including strictness in marital relationships (legal intervention in disputes and violation of privacy), the possibility of being harmed by strict laws (feelings of insecurity and fear of unintended consequences), and the perception of reverse discrimination and inversion of family hierarchies (feelings of systematic victimization of men and reverse prioritization of the law).<br /><br /><br /><br />Conclusion: The findings indicate that the immigration of Iranian couples to Canada poses profound and interconnected challenges to the family system in psychological, communicational, economic, cultural, and legal dimensions. These challenges extend beyond individual issues and affect family dynamics systematically. The findings of this research are consistent with the results of previous studies, such as Aran et al. (2023) on feelings of loneliness Bulut et al. (2024) on psychological burnout, Tam & Grimes (2023) on the exacerbation of conflicts, and research on job discrimination and the economic challenges of immigrants. The final conclusion suggests that the lack of planning, training, and systematic support exacerbates these harms. Therefore, the design and implementation of comprehensive intervention programs before and after immigration, focusing on strengthening individual and family resilience, intercultural and communication skills training, and legal awareness, are undeniable necessities to reduce structural harms and promote the cohesion of immigrant families. One limitation of the research is the prevalence of samples with student visas, which makes generalizing to all immigrants rather tough. Future researchers are recommended to consider more diverse samples by type of residence and to conduct comparative studies across different immigrant-receiving countries.مهاجرت تجربهای استرسزا و برای بسیاری از خانوادهها در کشور مقصد آسیبهای متعددی را به همراه دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر واکاوی آسیبهای خانوادگی زوجین مهاجر ایرانی به کشور کانادا بود. این مطالعه کیفی با رویکرد تحلیل مضمون انجام پذیرفت. دادهها از طریق مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته عمیق آنلاین گردآوری شد. شرکتکنندگان شامل 15 زوج ایرانی ساکن کانادا بودند که به روش نمونهگیری هدفمند از نوع ملاکمحور انتخاب شدند و فرآیند جمعآوری دادهها تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری ادامه یافت. یافتههای پژوهش تعداد 8 مضمون اصلی و 22 زیرمضمون را نشان داد. مضامین اصلی عبارت بودند از: مسائل و مشکلات روانشناختی در ارتباط با خانواده، مسائل و مشکلات زوجی، چالش ارتباط اجتماعی، مسائل شغلی آسیبرسان به خانواده، آسیبهای اقتصادی خانواده، آسیبهای تربیتی فرزندان در خانواده، ناسازگاری فرهنگی آسیبرسان به نظام خانواده، قوانین سخت و خشک محدود کننده خانواده. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که مهاجرت زوجین ایرانی به کانادا، نظام خانواده را در ابعاد روانی، ارتباطی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی با چالشهای عمیقی مواجه میسازد. بر این اساس، طراحی و اجرای برنامههای مداخلهای جامع پیش و پس از مهاجرت، با تمرکز بر تقویت تابآوری فردی و خانوادگی، آموزش مهارتهای بینفرهنگی و آگاهی حقوقی، ضرورتی برای کاهش آسیبهای ساختاری و ارتقای انسجام خانوادههای مهاجر محسوب میشود.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622The Relationship between Conflict Resolution Techniques Experienced in the Family of Origin and Couples’ Communication Patterns: The Mediating Role of Anger Ruminationرابطه تاکتیکهای حل تعارض تجربه شده در خانوادهی اصلی و الگوهای ارتباطی زوجین: نقش میانجی نشخوار خشم10647310.48308/jfr.2025.235252.1732FAندانجفیگروه روانشناسی ، دانشگاه خیام، مشهد، ایران0009-0005-0675-2793فاطمهشهامت ده سرخاستادیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خیام، مشهد، ایران0000-0002-6537-9942سیده مریمزمانی وسطی کلائیگروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه خیام، مشهد، ایران0009-0002-9619-0955Journal Article20240402According to object relation theories, a person builds an internal pattern based on his relations with primary objects, which guides his current relations. In this way, unresolved psychological conflicts with the main family continue to manifest in the future intimate relations. Aimed to investigate the mechanism of this transgender transition, this study has examined the mediating role of anger rumination in the relationship between parent-child conflict resolution tactics and couples' communication patterns. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The sample of 300 married adult (49.5% women) filled three scales of Strauss's parent-child conflict resolution tactics, Christensen's and Sulaway's couple communication patterns, and Sokhodolosky's rumination. Data analysis using path analysis confirmed the mediating role of anger rumination in the relationship between parent-child conflict resolution tactics and couples' communication patterns. There is a positive and significant relationship between parents' aggression and the amount of children's rumination and the use of incompatible communication patterns in relation to their emotional partners, as well as between the amount of children's rumination and the choice of these incompatible communication patterns. Therefore, the use of aggressive conflict resolution tactics by parents increases the probability of creating Rumination in children increases the possibility of them using unhealthy communication patterns.در چارچوب نظریه روابط موضوعی، فرد بر اساس روابطش با ابژههای اولیه خود، الگوی درونی میسازد که تفسیر او از روابط کنونیاش را هدایت میکند و به این صورت تضادهای با خانواده اصلی، در روابط صمیمانه آینده فرد تظاهر مییابند. مطالعه حاضر باهدف بررسی سازوکار این انتقال بین نسلی، به مطالعه نقش میانجی نشخوار خشم در رابطه بین تاکتیکهای حلتعارض والد-فرزند و الگوهای ارتباطی زوجین، پرداخته است. روش پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی بود و نمونه پژوهش شامل 300 نفر (5/49درصد زنان) بود که به صورت در دسترس، از جامعه بزرگسالان متأهل انتخاب شدند. آزمودنیها پرسشنامههای تاکتیکهای حلتعارض والد-فرزند اشتراوس، الگوهای ارتباطی زوجین کریستنسن و سولاوای و نشخوارخشم سوخودولوسکی را پرکردند. تحلیل دادهها با استفاده از تحلیل مسیر تأیید کننده نقش میانجی نشخوارخشم در رابطه بین تاکتیکهای حلتعارض والد-فرزند و الگوهای ارتباطی زوجین بود. بین پرخاشگری والدین و میزان نشخوارخشم فرزندان و استفاده از الگوهای ارتباطی ناسازگارانه در ارتباط با شرکای عاطفیشان و همچنین بین میزان نشخوار خشم فرزندان و انتخاب این الگوهای ارتباطی ناسازگارانه رابطهای مثبت و معنیدار وجود داشت. براساس یافته های پژوهش، می توان استنتاج کرد که استفاده والدین از تاکتیکهای حلتعارض پرخاشگرانه با افزایش احتمال ایجاد نشخوارخشم در فرزندان، احتمال استفاده آنها از الگوهای ارتباطی ناسالم را افزایش میدهد.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622Comparing the effectiveness of emotion-focused couple therapy and systemic couple therapy on improving experiential avoidance and reducing nonverbal aggressive behavior in working womenمقایسه اثربخشی زوج درمانی هیجان محور و زوج درمانی سیستمی بر بهبود اجتناب تجربه ای و کاهش رفتار پرخاشگرانه غیرکلامی در زنان شاغل10654010.48308/jfr.2025.241595.2082FAاحمدامانیگروه مشاوره، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایرانمسعودمیلادیگروه مشاوره، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران0009-0008-5009-7919جوادغفوری نسبگروه روانشناسی. دانشکده علوم انسانی. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سمنان. سمنان. ایران0000-0003-1110-9784Journal Article20250918The family serves as the cornerstone of societal mental health, and the marital relationship is its fundamental pillar, playing an undeniable role in individual and social equilibrium. Studies in Iran indicate that over 30% of employed women experience moderate to severe levels of marital conflict. These unresolved conflicts manifest themselves through maladaptive emotion regulation and communication strategies. Two of the most significant of these maladaptive mechanisms are experiential avoidance and nonverbal aggression. Experiential avoidance refers to the conscious effort to escape confronting unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and memories. In the context of a stressful marital relationship, employed women may frequently postpone negative emotions (such as resentment over inequitable division of labor) to avoid more draining conflicts and conserve their limited energy. Although this strategy may seem calming in the short term, in the long run it leads to the accumulation of a vast reservoir of unresolved dissatisfaction and the creation of emotional distance. This accumulation of unexpressed emotion often finds another outlet: nonverbal aggression. This type of aggression involves purposeful, harmful behaviors without the use of words, such as hostile glances, contemptuous silence, sarcasm through tone, and body language. Due to its indirect and often deniable nature, identifying and managing these behaviors is more difficult and can inflict deeper damage on the foundation of trust and intimacy in the relationship. For stressed employed women, nonverbal aggression may serve as a less costly strategy (in terms of emotional energy) for expressing anger and frustration.<br /><br />Various psychological therapies have been developed to intervene in marital conflicts. Two prominent evidence-based approaches are Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT) and Solution-Focused Couple Therapy (SFBT). Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy, founded by Sue Johnson, is based on attachment theory. By creating an emotionally safe space, it helps couples identify and express the primary and vulnerable underlying emotions of conflicts (such as fear of rejection and loneliness). In contrast, Solution-Focused Couple Therapy, rooted in the work of Steve de Shazer, focuses on discovering exceptions (times when the problem is absent), strengthening existing strengths within the couple, and constructing tangible, future-oriented solutions. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population consisted of employed women with marital conflict complaints who referred to counseling centers in Mashhad in the years 2024-2025. From eligible volunteers (having at least a high school diploma, marriage duration over two years, high marital conflict score, and spouse's willingness to participate), 24 individuals were selected via purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of eight. The research instruments were: Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire: Comprising 7 items on a 7-point Likert scale. A higher score indicates greater avoidance and less psychological flexibility. Its reliability and validity have been confirmed in Iranian studies. Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire: Comprising 29 items on a 5-point Likert scale, measuring various aggression subscales, including nonverbal dimensions. A higher total score indicates a higher level of aggression. Its psychometrics have been reported as favorable in Iran.<br /><br />These questionnaires were administered at three stages: pre-test, post-test (immediately after therapy), and follow-up (two months after post-test) to all groups. Therapy sessions were conducted weekly, individually for each couple with both spouses present, by trained and supervised therapists.<br /><br />Results from Multivariate Analysis of Covariance indicated the following:<br /><br />Overall Effectiveness: Both Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy and Solution-Focused Couple Therapy interventions led to a significant reduction in scores of experiential avoidance and nonverbal aggression compared to the control group at the post-test stage (p < .01).<br /><br />The reductions achieved in both variables were maintained at the two-month follow-up stage, and no significant difference was observed between post-test and follow-up scores. This indicates the stability of changes created by both therapies.<br /><br />The implemented interventions were responsible for explaining 52% of the variance in the post-test scores of the dependent variables, indicating a large and significant effect size.<br /><br />Although both methods were effective, they demonstrated distinct patterns of effectiveness.<br /><br />Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy operates primarily through securing the emotional environment of the relationship. By helping couples identify their "negative interactional cycle" (e.g., pursue/withdraw), where nonverbal aggression and silence are used as weapons, EFT assists each partner in discovering and expressing the vulnerable primary emotions (e.g., fear of rejection, loneliness) hidden beneath anger and avoidance. When these deep emotions are heard and accepted, the need for avoidance and resorting to indirect aggression is fundamentally diminished. EFT often views anger as a "secondary emotion" and, by facilitating contact with the underlying primary emotions (vulnerability), dismantles the emotional foundation of aggressive behavior. This deep, attachment-related process explains its stronger impact on reducing experiential avoidance.<br /><br />Solution-Focused Couple Therapy works through shifting the focus of attention and enhancing self-efficacy. Using questions like the "miracle question," this approach redirects the couple's attention from problems and negative emotions (the fuel for avoidance and aggression) toward exceptions (times when the problem was absent) and a vision of a desired future. This cognitive shift increases hope and reminds couples that they already possess resources and abilities for conflict management. By prescribing small, achievable tasks, SFBT disrupts old behavioral patterns and creates a positive cycle of small successes. The sense of competence stemming from these successes replaces feelings of helplessness, and the inclination to use destructive behaviors (like nonverbal aggression) for self-expression or control decreases. This focus on action and tangible behavioral change may be the reason for the quicker reduction in nonverbal aggression observed in this group. This research demonstrated that both the Solution-Focused Couple Therapy and Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy models are effective tools for assisting employed women experiencing marital conflict and can lead to a reduction in emotional avoidance and destructive communication behaviors like nonverbal aggression.این پژوهش با هدف مقایسه اثربخشی دو روش زوج درمانی هیجانمحور و زوج درمانی راهحلمحور بر کاهش اجتناب تجربهای و رفتار پرخاشگرانه غیرکلامی در زنان شاغل دارای تعارض زناشویی انجام شد. روش پژوهش نیمهآزمایشی با طرح پیشآزمون-پسآزمون-پیگیری با گروه کنترل بود. ۲۴ زن شاغل بهصورت تصادفی در سه گروه (دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل) جایگزین شدند. گروههای آزمایش بهترتیب زوج درمانی هیجان محور را در۱۰ جلسه و زوج درمانی راه حل محور را در ۸ جلسه دریافت کردند. ابزارهای پژوهش پرسشنامههای اجتناب تجربهای و پرخاشگری غیرکلامی بودند که در سه مرحله تکمیل شدند. نتایج تحلیل کوواریانس نشان داد که هر دو مداخله در مقایسه با گروه کنترل، بهطور معناداری منجر به کاهش اجتناب تجربهای و پرخاشگری غیرکلامی در مرحله پسآزمون و پیگیری شدند (01/0>P). اگرچه هر دو روش مؤثر بودند، اما EFT با کار بر روی هیجانات عمیقتر و الگوهای دلبستگی، تأثیر قویتری بر کاهش اجتناب داشت، در حالی که SFBT با تمرکز بر راهحلها و نقاط قوت، کاهش سریعتری در پرخاشگری غیرکلامی نشان داد. یافتهها حاکی از ماندگاری اثر مداخلات در دوره پیگیری بود.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622The Transition Process from the Crisis of Divorce to Achieving Sustainable Marital Reconciliation: A Phenomenological Study of Couples’ Lived Experiencesفرایند گذار از بحران طلاق تا دستیابی به صلح زناشویی پایدار: مطالعه پدیدارشناختی تجربه زیسته زوجین10668210.48308/jfr.2026.241793.2092FAمریمکریمیگروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-5157-2450معصومهاسمعیلیگروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-8907-6145یاسررضاپور میرصالحگروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان، ایران.0000-0002-7308-6912ابراهیمنعیمیگروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-2582-1273Journal Article20251003This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of couples who, after initiating divorce, decided to return to and continue their marital life. With the increasing prevalence of divorce and the critical importance of achieving sustainable marital reconciliation, this research sought to identify the processes, mechanisms, and personal and relational factors that facilitate the reconstruction of marital relationships.<br /><br />A descriptive phenomenological approach was employed to capture the depth and richness of participants’ experiences. The study involved 12 married individuals (9 women and 3 men) who, after withdrawing their divorce request and having lived together for at least one year, met the criteria for sustainable marital reconciliation. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, providing participants the opportunity to narrate their experiences freely, and were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Analysis yielded 317 open codes, 105 initial concepts, 17 sub-themes, and four main themes: (1) “Asymmetric will to preserve the marital life,” (2) “Acceptance and reconsideration by the hesitant spouse,” (3) “Mutual efforts of couples to restore the relationship,” and (4) “Consolidation of marital reconciliation and continuous care of the relationship.”<br /><br />The first theme, asymmetric will to preserve marital life, revealed that in most cases, one partner initially sought divorce due to repeated frustrations and perceived relational failure, while the other partner, guided by a sense of responsibility, personal determination, and value-based motivation, actively engaged in preserving the marriage. Participants described persistent efforts to restore the relationship, demonstrating unwavering hope, testing all available options, and resisting despair. Emotional commitment, belief in the possibility of repair, and reliance on ethical and spiritual values such as patience, forgiveness, and faith were essential for sustaining these efforts. One participant shared, “I was the only one who truly wanted the life back. If someone genuinely wants to return from the heart, they can find a way.” Another emphasized, “All the paths I tried failed, yet I never gave up because I believed there was a solution.”<br /><br />The second theme, acceptance and reconsideration by the hesitant spouse, highlighted the gradual process through which the initially divorce-seeking partner began to reconsider their decision. Honest communication, persistent encouragement, and consistent positive behaviors from the determined partner fostered trust and created an opportunity for reevaluation. Temporary separation, family support, and recognition of residual emotional attachment further facilitated this process. One participant noted, “My spouse’s persistence and honesty gradually convinced me to reconsider. I felt secure and realized this time the intentions were genuine.” The findings demonstrate that the hesitant partner’s internal reflection and emotional connection were critical in shifting attitudes toward relationship restoration.<br /><br />The third theme, mutual efforts to restore a tense and deteriorating relationship, encompassed both partners’ active engagement in identifying their own contributions to conflict, adopting personal responsibility, and pursuing self-improvement. Participants reported heightened self-awareness, modification of maladaptive behaviors, and focused efforts on constructive problem-solving rather than blaming each other. This stage included collaboration in attending counseling, building trust, adjusting relational power dynamics, and consistently demonstrating supportive behaviors. Couples emphasized small yet meaningful actions, attentive listening, and responsiveness to each other’s emotional needs. One participant reflected, “I realized I had been trying to change my spouse, but the real change had to start with me. Accepting my own shortcomings helped me respect our differences.”<br /><br />The fourth theme, consolidation of marital reconciliation and continuous care of the relationship, illustrated that sustaining a recovered relationship requires ongoing effort, attention, and strategic relational management. Couples engaged in behaviors to enhance intimacy, such as sharing emotions, spending quality time together, expressing affection verbally and nonverbally, and practicing humor and recreational activities. Commitment to the marital relationship, including mutual responsibility toward children, family well-being, and societal obligations, was reinforced. Participants also highlighted the significance of setting boundaries with extended family, repairing parent-child relationships, and ensuring a safe and loving environment for children. In addition, attention to personal growth and development, including pursuing education, hobbies, or personal goals, contributed to maintaining balance and satisfaction within the marriage. Participants described a continuous awareness of relational needs, proactive communication, conflict prevention strategies, and reliance on spiritual beliefs to sustain commitment. One participant explained, “Every small effort, every kind word, and shared experience strengthens our bond. We actively plan to keep our relationship warm and resilient.”<br /><br />The findings suggest that achieving sustainable marital reconciliation is a gradual, multidimensional, and dynamic process. It requires a combination of individual determination, attitudinal change, mutual engagement, enhanced communication skills, and reliance on personal, relational, and spiritual values. The process is not linear; couples experience cycles of challenge and recovery, requiring persistence, patience, and adaptive strategies. This study highlights that reconciliation is not merely the resumption of cohabitation but the intentional reconstruction of trust, intimacy, and shared life goals, allowing the marital relationship to thrive despite previous adversities.<br /><br />In conclusion, sustainable marital reconciliation involves a complex interplay of psychological, relational, and ethical factors. Interventions aimed at supporting couples in crisis should emphasize fostering hope, encouraging ethical and spiritual engagement, promoting self-awareness, and building effective communication and problem-solving skills. This study provides a phenomenological insight into the lived experiences of couples who successfully navigated the crisis of divorce and achieved a lasting, harmonious marital life, offering valuable guidance for practitioners, counselors, and policymakers interested in promoting marital stability and relational well-being.پژوهش حاضر با هدف کاوش در تجربه زیسته زوجینی که پس از اقدام به طلاق، تصمیم به بازگشت و تداوم زندگی مشترک گرفتهاند، انجام شده است. با توجه به افزایش نرخ طلاق در جامعه و اهمیت دستیابی به صلح زناشویی پایدار، این مطالعه تلاش کرده است تا فرآیندها و مؤلفههای مؤثر بر بازسازی رابطه زناشویی را آشکار سازد. <br /><br />روش تحقیق پدیدارشناسی توصیفی بود و مشارکتکنندگان شامل ۱۲ نفر از افراد متأهل(۹ زن و ۳ مرد) بودند که پس از انصراف از طلاق و گذشت دستکم یک سال از بازگشت به زندگی مشترک، معیارهای دستیابی به صلح پایدار را احراز کرده بودند. دادهها از طریق مصاحبههای عمیق نیمهساختاریافته گردآوری و با روش کلایزی تحلیل شدند. نتایج تحلیل دادهها منجر به استخراج ۳۱۷ کد باز، 105مفهوم اولیه، 17 مضمون فرعی و ۴ مضمون اصلی شد. مضامین اصلی شامل «اراده نامتقارن برای حفظ زندگی مشترک»، «پذیرش و بازنگری همسر مردد»، «تلاش مشترک زوجین برای احیای رابطه» و «تحکیم صلح زناشویی و مراقبت مستمر از رابطه» بودند.<br /><br />نتایج نشان داد دستیابی به صلح پایدار زناشویی فرآیندی تدریجی، چندبعدی و پویا است که نیازمند اراده فردی، تغییر نگرش، مشارکت متقابل، تقویت مهارتهای ارتباطی و اتکای ارزشی و معنوی استدانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622Pathology of the social index of a healthy family in relation to new technologies from the perspective of Islam
Case study: Kinship relationshipsآسیبشناسی شاخص اجتماعی خانواده سالم در ارتباط با فناوریهای نوین از منظر اسلام بررسی موردی: روابط خویشاوندی10647910.48308/jfr.2025.238573.1914FAمجتبیفائقمحقق پسادکتری پژوهشکده خانواده دانشگاه شهید بهشتی0009-0005-0339-5874محمدروشندانشیار و ریاست پژوهشکده خانواده دانشگاه شهید بهشتیساجدهسرودانشآموخته کارشناسی ارشد رشته مدیریت آموزشی، واحد تهران مرکزی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامیJournal Article20250130The institution of the family is one of the most sacred and valuable social institutions that has been examined from various aspects and experts in various sciences such as psychology, sociology, educational sciences and branches of Islamic sciences such as ethics, jurisprudence, Quran and hadith. Family issues have been researched by its characteristics, a healthy family is exposed to various pests, and knowing these damages has a significant effect on consolidating and strengthening the foundation of the family. Considering the rapid growth of new technologies and its impact on a healthy family, it is necessary to analyze the various topics and propositions of this emerging phenomenon. This research was carried out with the descriptive-analytical method, with the aim of diagnosing the role of modern technologies in family relationships based on Islamic teachings. The pathology of family relationships affected by modern technologies based on the teachings of the Islamic religion has not been studied in an independent work, which indicates the necessity of research on this issue. From a pathological point of view, new technologies can lead to damages such as increasing the distance between family members, reducing the focus on religious values, increasing tensions and family disputes in the family,نهاد خانواده یکی از مقدسترین و با ارزشترین نهادهای اجتماعی است که از جنبههای گوناگون مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است و متخصصان علوم مختلف نظیر، روانشناسی، جامعه شناسی، علوم تربیتی و شاخههای علوم اسلامی همچون، اخلاق، فقه، قرآن و حدیث. خانواده سالم به جهت ویژگیهایی که دارد در معرض آفات گوناگونی قرار دارد.یکی از مهمترین چالشهای خانواده سالم در مواجهه با فناوریهای نوین و مدرن، ایجاد مشکل در ارتباطهای خانوادگی است که مسئله پژوهش حاضر است. رویکرد اسلام نسبت به شناخت این آفت اعم از شناسایی عوامل مؤثر، نشانهها و راهکارهای برون رفت از آن بسیار اهمیت دارد. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، با هدف آسیبشناسی نقش فناوریهای نوین در روابط خانوادگی بر اساس تعالیم اسلامی صورت گرفته است. نقش فناوریهای نوین بر روابط خانوادگی با رویکرد اسلامی از دو جنبه سلبی و ایجابی قابل توجه است که در تحقیق حاضر جنبه سلبی و آسیبشناسانه آن مطمح نظر قرار گرفته است.فناوریهای نوین از جنبه آسیبشناسانه میتواند به آسیبهایی چون افزایش فاصله میان اعضای خانواده، کاهش تمرکز بر ارزشهای دینی، افزایش تنشها و اختلافات خانوادگی در خانواده منجر شود که این آفات برای خانواده مشکلات فراوانی در پی دارد.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622Beyond School: Analyzing Family-School Interactions to Develop an Indigenous Model in Rural Communities of Kurdistan, Iranفراتر از مدرسه: واکاوی تعاملات خانواده و مدرسه برای تدوین الگوی بومی در جوامع روستایی کردستان ایران10666510.48308/jfr.2026.240787.2019FAمریم ساداتقریشی خوراسگانیدانشیار، گروه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی آموزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران0000-0001-6210-134Xسیروسمرادخواهگروه مدیریت آموزشی،دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی،دانشگاه کردستان،سنندج ایران0000-0001-9377-6403Journal Article20250722Introduction: Family-school partnership, as a complex and multi-dimensional process, is recognized as one of the key factors in enhancing the quality of education and students' academic success (Hill & Tyson, 2017; Jeynes, 2016; Wang & Sheikh-Khalil, 2017). This partnership, which goes beyond the physical presence of parents, involves intricate interactions that influence the beliefs and behaviors of the participants (Fan & Chen, 2018) and its dimensions have been defined in areas such as decision-making, educational support at home, and interaction with teachers (Epstein, 2018). This complexity manifests in specific cultural and social contexts, such as the rural communities of kurdistan, iran, which are the site of unique interactions. In this regard, Wei and Ni (2023) found that in rural communities, family-school partnership is rooted in deep-seated cultural beliefs, social norms, and family values. The gap in the existing literature is multifaceted; a significant portion of research has focused on urban communities, has predominantly utilized quantitative approaches, and has overlooked strategic dimensions of partnership such as participation in decision-making (Jeynes, 2016; Fan & Chen, 2018). These gaps are more pronounced in Kurdish society due to its specific socio-cultural context and the influence of school management styles (Ahmadi & Abdolmaleki, 2012). Therefore, a deep understanding of the lived experiences of participants is essential for designing indigenous and operational strategies. Consequently, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the lived experiences of parents and school principals in rural Kurdistan, identifying facilitating and inhibiting factors, examining the commonalities and differences in their perspectives, and presenting an indigenous model of these interactions. Accordingly, the research questions are formulated as follows:<br /><br />Main Research Question:<br /><br />What are the dimensions of the lived experiences of parents and school principals regarding family-school interactions in the rural communities of Iranian Kurdistan?<br /><br />Sub-Questions:<br /><br />1. What facilitating and inhibiting factors of these interactions are perceived by parents and school principals?<br /><br />2. What are the key commonalities and differences in the lived experiences of parents and school principals?<br /><br />3. Based on the research findings, how can an appropriate indigenous model for family-school interactions be formulated for the rural communities of kurdistan, iran?<br /><br />Methodology: In terms of purpose, this research was applied, and regarding approach, it was qualitative. Given the research objective, which was to gain an in-depth understanding of the lived experience of family-school interactions from the perspective of parents and principals in rural areas, the phenomenological method was employed. This study was conducted within the geographical boundaries of Kurdistan Province. The temporal scope of the research spanned the years (2023-2024). The study population consisted of school principals and parents of students in elementary and multi-grade rural schools in Kurdistan province, who were selected as participants through purposive criterion sampling. Data were collected using in-depth interviews; in total, interviews were conducted with 32 principals and 30 parents until Data saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed using the seven-step framework proposed by Dahlgren and Johansson (2009). To ensure the trustworthiness of the research, peer debriefing and independent analysis by researchers were utilized.<br /><br />Results: After analyzing the interviews, a total of 114 codes were extracted; 71 codes pertained to the lived experiences of principals and 43 codes pertained to the lived experiences of parents regarding family-school interactions. Five overarching themes were identified: the importance of time, access and information exchange, cultural-social attitudes and beliefs, the quality and nature of communication, and support and backing. The lived experiences of principals and parents regarding interactions were categorized into facilitating and inhibiting factors. It is noteworthy that the commonalities and differences in the lived experiences of principals and parents indicate that both groups identified five main areas as the cornerstone of family-school interactions. This commonality signifies their shared understanding of the importance of "time, access and information exchange, cultural-social attitudes and beliefs, the quality and nature of communication, and support and backing." The difference in their experiences and perspectives lies not in the topics themselves, but in their angle of view. However, the primary difference in experiences and perspectives is not in the "what," but in the "how"-how each group views and interprets the interactions.<br /><br />Conclusion: The findings confirm that although both parents and principals referred to the five main themes of the research-the importance of time, access and information exchange, cultural-social attitudes and beliefs, the quality and nature of communication, and support and backing-their perspectives were entirely different. Principals view issues from a systemic and service-provider standpoint, emphasizing flexible planning and formal structures, whereas parents perceive their lived experiences from the position of a participant, emphasizing individual preoccupations, the need for easy access, and feelings of inadequacy. To bridge this gap, this study proposes an indigenous model emphasizing three core features: 1) the prominence of informal and verbal relationships over formal structures to overcome distrust, 2) the intertwining of family and school relationships to transform the connection from a service provider-recipient dynamic into a social collaboration, and 3) the pivotal role of local teachers as trust mediators to translate the formal language of the school into the cultural language of families. This model does not challenge Western theories such as Epstein's framework but rather provides a localized and critical update, demonstrating that in this context, the "how" of interaction is more important than the "what" of interaction. Ultimately, this research suggests that solutions copied from Western models-such as designing complex notification systems or holding formal meetings-are likely to fail. Effective strategies, which must be extracted from within the culture itself to form meaningful and sustainable interactions, include: holding mobile and seasonal meetings at appropriate times in central village locations, installing noticeboards in village centers, introducing a local teacher as a trusted informant, utilizing cultural peer modeling instead of one-way lectures, regular face-to-face visits by principals to the villages, and engaging parents in school projects based on their indigenous skills.ازآنجاکه تعاملات مؤثر خانواده و مدرسه، مکانیزمی کلیدی برای اثربخشی نظام آموزشی محسوب میشود، این پژوهش باهدف واکاوی تجربه زیسته والدین و مدیران مدارس از تعاملات میان خانواده و مدرسه انجام شد؛ بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و روش پدیدارشناسی (دیدگاه دوم) انجام گرفت. جامعه هدف پژوهش، جوامع روستایی کردستان ایران بود که با نمونهگیری هدفمند معیاری با 32 نفر از مدیران مدارس و 30 نفر از والدین تا رسیدن به اشباع داده مصاحبه عمیق انجام شد. دادهها با استفاده از چارچوب هفت مرحلهای دالگرن و یوهانسون (2009) مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. برای تضمین قابلیت اطمینان پژوهش، از روش بررسی توسط همتایان و از تحلیل مستقل پژوهشگران بهره گرفته شد. یافتهها نشان داد که تجربه تعاملات خانواده و مدرسه در پنج مضمون اصلی ازجمله اهمیت زمان، دسترسی و تبادل اطلاعات، نگرشها و باورهای فرهنگی- اجتماعی، کیفیت و نوع ارتباط و حمایت و پشتیبانی، دستهبندی میشود. این پژوهش ضمن تأیید اهمیت بنیادین تعاملات، یک الگوی بومی از این تعاملات را ارائه کرده که درک عمیقتری از پیچیدگیهای فرهنگی تعاملات در جوامع روستایی کردستان فراهم میآورد.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622The Role of Academic Emotion in Predicting Academic Engagement: The Mediating Role of Family Communication Patterns in the Educational Processنقش هیجان تحصیلی در پیشبینی درگیری تحصیلی: نقش واسطهای الگوی ارتباطی خانواده در فرآیند تحصیل10647710.48308/jfr.2025.239921.1981FAفاطمهخداپناهدانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران.0000-0003-3085-5133محمدعلیمحمدی فردانشیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران0000-0003-3085-5133Journal Article20250513The present study aimed to examine the role of academic emotions in predicting academic engagement, with a particular focus on the mediating effect of family communication patterns within the educational process. Academic engagement has consistently been recognized as a pivotal determinant of academic achievement, learning motivation, and long-term educational outcomes. While previous research has documented the significance of student engagement for academic success, the mechanisms through which emotional experiences translate into engagement behaviors remain insufficiently understood. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks in educational psychology, positive psychology, and family systems theory, this study sought to elucidate how both positive and negative academic emotions contribute directly and indirectly to student engagement, and the extent to which family communication patterns serve as a mediating factor.<br /><br />The study employed a descriptive-correlational design. The target population consisted of high school students enrolled in the second stage of secondary education in Tehran during the 2024–2025 academic year. Utilizing a multi-stage cluster random sampling procedure, 280 students were initially selected, of whom 251 completed the questionnaires, providing a robust dataset for statistical analysis. Data collection instruments included the Academic Emotions Questionnaire developed by Pekrun and colleagues (2005), the Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire by Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002), and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students adapted by Carmona-Halty and colleagues (2019). These measures have consistently demonstrated strong psychometric properties, ensuring both reliability and validity in capturing the constructs of interest.<br /><br />Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to evaluate the proposed conceptual framework and examine both direct and indirect pathways. The analysis revealed that positive academic emotions exert a significant direct effect on academic engagement (β = 0.080, p > 0.04), whereas negative academic emotions also demonstrated a significant direct effect (β = -0.339, p < 0.0005). Additionally, positive academic emotions displayed a significant indirect effect on academic engagement (β = 0.031, p < 0.05), and negative academic emotions similarly exerted a significant indirect effect (β = -0.189, p < 0.0005). These findings indicate that family communication patterns partially mediate the relationship between academic emotions and engagement, highlighting the crucial role of familial dynamics in shaping educational behaviors.<br /><br />The results underscore the multifaceted and dynamic nature of academic emotions. Positive emotions, including enjoyment, pride, and hope, function as motivational resources that broaden students’ cognitive and behavioral repertoires, fostering persistence, self-regulated learning strategies, and adaptive coping mechanisms. They enhance intrinsic motivation, encourage active participation in classroom activities, and strengthen commitment to academic goals. In contrast, negative academic emotions, such as anxiety, frustration, and shame, can narrow attention, heighten perceived threats of failure, reduce motivation, and promote disengagement, unless adequately moderated by supportive family environments. The mediating effect of family communication patterns suggests that families play a critical role in either amplifying or buffering the impact of these emotional experiences. Constructive communication patterns, characterized by openness, responsiveness, and emotional support, help students regulate their emotions effectively, sustain engagement, and navigate academic challenges with resilience. Conversely, controlling, conflict-laden, or punitive communication styles exacerbate the adverse effects of negative emotions, potentially leading to avoidance, reduced participation, and diminished academic performance.<br /><br />From a practical standpoint, these findings provide important implications for educators, policymakers, and families. First, interventions aimed at enhancing positive academic emotions, such as enjoyment and pride, and equipping students with emotional regulation strategies, can directly and indirectly foster engagement and learning outcomes. Second, family-centered programs promoting effective communication, emotional attunement, collaborative problem-solving, and support for autonomy can serve as pivotal mechanisms to strengthen engagement and mitigate the detrimental effects of negative emotions. Integrating interventions that target both individual emotional competencies and family relational dynamics provides a comprehensive approach to enhancing academic engagement, motivation, and achievement.<br /><br />In addition to practical implications, the study contributes to theoretical advancements in understanding the interplay between affective experiences, family dynamics, and engagement outcomes. By empirically demonstrating both the direct and indirect pathways through which academic emotions influence engagement, this research reinforces the importance of considering contextual and relational factors, rather than focusing solely on individual student traits. Moreover, the findings highlight the necessity of promoting emotionally supportive environments within families and schools, particularly in culturally diverse educational contexts, to optimize students’ engagement, motivation, and well-being.<br /><br /><br /><br />In conclusion, the current study illuminates the critical role of academic emotions in shaping students’ engagement, emphasizing the mediating influence of family communication patterns. Positive and negative emotions exert distinct yet interconnected effects on engagement, and family interactions serve as a key mechanism in translating these emotional experiences into behavioral outcomes. Future research is encouraged to replicate these findings across diverse educational levels and cultural contexts, employ longitudinal designs to assess causal pathways, and explore additional familial and contextual moderators that may further elucidate the dynamics of academic emotions and engagement. Collectively, these insights underscore the value of addressing both emotional and familial dimensions in educational practice, fostering sustained academic engagement, and promoting student success in an increasingly complex learning environment.پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش هویت تحصیلی در پیشبینی درگیری تحصیلی با نقش واسطهای الگوی ارتباطی خانواده در فرآیند تحصیل انجام شد. طرح این پژوهش توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری شامل دانش آموزان دورهی دوم متوسطه شهر تهران بود که در سال تحصیلی 1404-1403 مشغول به تحصیل بودند. 280 دانشآموز با روش نمونهگیری تصادفی خوشهای چندمرحلهای انتخاب شدند که در نهایت پرسشنامه 251 نفر تکمیل شد. پرسشنامه هیجانهای تحصیلی پکران و همکاران (2005)، پرسشنامه الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده کوئرنر و فیتزپاتریک (2002) و درگیری تحصیلی اترخت کارمونا هالتی و همکاران (2019) جهت جمعآوری دادهها استفاده شد. بررسی و ارزیابی الگوی پیشنهاد شده با روش معادلات ساختاری انجام گرفت. پژوهش نشان داد که هیجان تحصیلی مثبت (080/0=β و 04/0p>) و هیجان تحصیلی منفی (339/-0=β و 0005/0p>) بر درگیری تحصیلی اثر مستقیم و معنادار و ، هیجان تحصیلی مثبت (031/0=β و 05/0P>) و هیجان تحصیلی منفی (189/0-=β و 0005/0P>) بر درگیری تحصیلی اثر غیر مستقیم معنادار دارد. در نهایت در رابطه بین هویت تحصیلی به درگیری تحصیلی الگوی ارتباطی خانواده نقش میانجی معنادار ایفا میکند. یافتههای این پژوهش بر اهمیت تقویت هیجان تحصیلی و ایجاد الگوهای ارتباطی مناسب در خانواده بهمنظور افزایش درگیری تحصیلی دانش آموزان تأکید دارد.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622Presenting a structural model of life orientation based on the child's perception of the child's parent relationship, with the mediating role of inner self-narratives of girls in the second year of high school in Qom.ارائه الگوی ساختاری جهت گیری زندگی بر مبنای ادراک فرزند از رابطه والد -کودک، با نقش واسطه ای خودگویی های درونی دختران دوره دوم متوسطه شهر قم10650010.48308/jfr.2025.236428.1791FAفاطمهنادریروانشناسی،علوم انسانی،طلوع مهر،قم،ایران0009-0001-7012-3175هوشنگگراوندگروه روانشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران.0000-0001-5228-5413هدیلاجوردیاستادیار، گروه روانشناسی،دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی،دانشگاه طلوع مهر،قم،ایرانJournal Article20240803The aim of this research was to present a a structural model of life orientation based on the child's perception of the child's parent relationship, with the mediating role of inner self-narratives of girls in the second year of high school in Qom. The present study was a descriptive-correlation type of path analysis. The population of study included all female students of the second year of secondary school in Qom (16833 people) in the academic year of 2023-2024. The statistical sample size was determined to be 220 people, which was done by random cluster sampling. The instruments used were Perception Of Parents Scale Grolink (POPS), Life Orientation Test (LOT) and Calvete Self-Talk Inventory scale (STI). All analyzes were performed using SPSS-19 and AMOS-24 software. According to the findings of the research model, interaction with father and interaction with mother had a positive and direct effect on optimistic perception and positive self-talk and a negative and direct effect on pessimistic perception and negative self-talk. Positive self-talk and negative self-talk had a significant positive and negative effect on and positive self-talk and negative self-talk had a significant negative and positive effect on pessimism, respectively.هدف این پژوهش، بررسی رابطه جهتگیری زندگی با ادراک فرزند از رابطه والد -کودک دختران دوره دوم متوسطه شهر قم بود. پژوهش حاضر توصیفی- همبستگی بود و از بین جامعه این پژوهش که شامل کلیه دانشآموزان دختر دوره دوم متوسطه شهر قم (16833 نفر) در سال تحصیلی 1403-1402 است تعداد 220 نفر به عنوان حجم نمونه با روش نمونهگیری تصادفی خوشهای تعیین شدند. ابزارهای مورداستفاده در این پژوهش مقیاس فرزند پروری ادراک شده گرولینک (POPS)، پرسشنامه جهتگیری زندگی (LOT) و پرسشنامه خودگویی کالوت (STI) بود. تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها با استفاده از نرم افزارهای SPSS- 19 و نرم افزار 24 AMOS- انجام شدند. طبق یافته های مدل پژوهش تعامل با پدر و تعامل با مادر اثر مثبت و مستقیم بر تلقی خوشبینانه و خودگویی مثبت و اثر منفی و مستقیم بر تلقی بدبینانه و خودگویی منفی داشتند، خودگویی مثبت و خودگویی منفی به ترتیب اثر مثبت و منفی معنیداری بر تلقی خوشبینانه داشتند و همچنین خودگویی مثبت و خودگویی منفی به ترتیب اثر منفی و مثبت معنی داری بر تلقی بدبینانه داشتند.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622Studying the role of social discourses in the family trust of teenagersمطالعه نقش گفتمانهای اجتماعی در اعتماد خانوادگی نوجوانان10654810.48308/jfr.2025.237301.1838FAموسیشهنوئیگروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.0009-0006-8001-2838کوثردهدستگروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.0000-0001-6948-4830معصومهاسمعیلیگروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-8907-6145Journal Article20241020Studying the role of social discourses in the family trust of teenagers<br /><br /><br /><br />Musa Shahnoui, Dr. Kausar Dehdest, Dr. Masoume Esmaili<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Abstract<br /><br />The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the role of social discourses in adolescent family trust. This study is a qualitative study that used the phenomenological method to collect and analyze data. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were used to collect the opinions of the participants in the study. The study population of this study was adolescents in Nikshahr, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, who are between the ages of 12 and 18. The statistical sample was selected from among them in a purposeful and accessible manner. After conducting 23 interviews with them, theoretical saturation was achieved and the process was stopped. Analysis of the collected data resulted in the identification of 16 sub-themes, five main themes, and one core theme. The main theme of trust breakdown was analyzed in the emotional dimension, and the feedback received included the sub-themes of hopelessness discourse, value discourse conditional on education, and the discourse of no one. It can be admitted that the emotional dimension of the break is rooted in dependence and disappointment in those around them and the world around them, pursuing academic issues and problems alone, feeling rejected by others, etc. The main theme of the trust break in the supervisory dimension was analyzed, and the feedback received included the sub-themes of the discourse of emancipation, the discourse of being under control, and the discourse of personal lifestyle choice. Those who have signs of the trust break in the supervisory dimension in adolescence do not fully use their abilities to learn and perform in social discourses. Parents and those around these individuals should make more effort than others and shape their supervisory scope over their performance more flexibly and friendly in order to improve the level of trust of the individual. The main theme of the trust break in the family upbringing patterns was analyzed, and the feedback received included the sub-themes of the discourse of discrimination, the discourse of being compared and judged, and the discourse of not being respected. Discrimination and judging children were among the factors that had a significant impact on their level of trust. Comparing children with each other creates a situation in which children feel insecure and try to distance themselves from their parents and society to escape such an unpleasant situation. The consequences of this issue will accompany children in the future and provide the basis for the emergence of larger behavioral problems such as social anxiety in them. However, these adolescents are not guided and empowered in mental and academic fields in environments lacking written motivational programs and in unstable mental conditions. Despite having talent and ability in the long term, religious teachings will suffer from a breakdown in trust in the aspect of family models due to the lack of a scientific model that sees all these matters in front of them, which leads to a decline in the impact of social discourses and, as a result, the individual's trust. Meanwhile, some students easily surrender in order to trust those around them, while others refuse to be students. For this purpose, it is recommended that schools and teachers adopt a learner/student-centered educational method to cultivate in them a sense of being strong and getting better along with practice and effort, so that we can institutionalize trust and loving coexistence with the family for them through the method. The breakdown of trust in the freedom and choice dimension is rooted in the lack of desire and enthusiasm in doing things. And in the meantime, lack of perseverance and procrastination have a high impact on reducing it, and attachment to others through negative emotions leads to a decrease in their level of trust. The main theme of the breakdown of trust in the freedom and choice dimension was analyzed, and the feedback received included the sub-themes of the discourse of individualism in personal decision-making, the discourse of not listening, and the discourse of the generation gap between children and parents, and the discourse of lack of companionship and guidance. The main theme of trust breakdown was analyzed in the dimension of communication ties, and the feedback received included the sub-themes of discourse of being different from each other, discourse of not being accepted, and discourse of being conflicting. The findings of this study can be fruitful for both parents and education administrators and officials in educating and restoring adolescents' trust.<br /><br />Keywords: social discourses, adolescent family trust, phenomenological methodپژوهش حاضر با هدف مطالعه نقش گفتمانهای اجتماعی در اعتماد خانوادگی نوجوانان در زمره پژوهشهای کیفی قرار دارد که از روش پدیدارشناسی و مصاحبه های نیمه ساختاریافته انجام شد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش بصورت هدفمند و در دسترس از میان نوجوانان شهرستان نیک شهر استان سیستان و بلوچستان در رده سنی 12 تا 18 سال انتخاب شد. پس از انجام 23 مصاحبه و تحلیل داده های حاصل از آن 16 مضمون فرعی، پنج مضمون اصلی و یک مضمون هسته ای شناسایی شد. مضمون اصلی گسست اعتماد در بعد عاطفی شامل مضمونهای فرعی گفتمان ناامیدی، گفتمان ارزشمندی مشروط به تحصیلات، و گفتمان بی کسی بود. مضمون اصلی گسست اعتماد در بعد نظارتی شامل مضمونهای فرعی گفتمان رهایی طلبی، گفتمان تحت کنترل بودن، و گفتمان انتخاب شخصی سبک زندگی بود. مضمون اصلی گسست اعتماد در بعد الگوهای تربیتی خانواده شامل مضمونهای فرعی گفتمان تبعیض، گفتمان مورد مقایسه و قضاوت قرار گرفتن، و گفتمان محترم نبودن بود. مضمون اصلی گسست اعتماد در بعد آزادی و انتخاب شامل مضمونهای فرعی گفتمان فردیت طلبی در تصمیم گیریهای شخصی، گفتمان گوش شنوا نبودن، و گفتمان شکاف نسلی بین فرزند و والدین، و گفتمان عدم همراهی و هدایت بود.دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، پژوهشکده خانوادهخانواده پژوهی1735-844222220260622Intersex mothers; in the embrace of entwisted discriminationمادران بیناجنس در آغوشِ تبعیضِ درهمتنیده10658810.48308/jfr.2025.236352.1782FAمهنازبیاتدانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی. تهران. ایران0000-0002-4796-155Xکوثرانجلاسدانشجوی دکتری حقوق عمومی. دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران0000-0002-4706-0073Journal Article20240721"Right" has a main role as an element guaranteeing the preferences of human beings in the field of belonging and in the context of the value equality of intersex people with the other two models, female and male. In the meantime, the serious mission of guaranteeing the right to motherhood of intersex mothers has been burdened on the shoulders of politically organized societies that are accused with violating the fundamental rights of intersex mothers such as self-determination and unwarranted medical interventions as examples of clear human rights violations. This article seeks to present an analytical and interdisciplinary study to examine the concerns of this group of mothers, for whom chromosomal biology has given them such an option, and to remind the point that the concept of motherhood And the specifics related to this role depend more than anything on understanding the concept of identity and identifying the in-between situation as a "different" and not "disordered" situation, in which case intersex mothers who are in an unequal situation in the realm of their in-between lives this time they can hug their children in the safe space of the right to motherhood.«حق» به مثابه عنصر تضمینکننده ترجیحات انسان به ما هو انسان در ساحت تعلق و فارغ از توافقات بینالمللی و داوریهای نظامهای حقوقی داخلی جوامع سیاسی، در کَرنای برابری ارزشی انسان بیناجنس با دیگر دو الگوی زنانه و مردانه کامل میدمد. در این میان، رسالتِ خطیرِ تضمینِ حق بر مادرانگی افراد بیناجنس، بر دوش جوامع سازمانیافته سیاسی که گداری برای تحقق حقوق بنیادین و تضمین اجرای آنها برای مادران بیناجنس قائل نیستند، سنگینی کرده و آنان را از رهگذار نقض حقوق بنیادینِ تعیین سرنوشت و مصونیت از مداخلات ناموجه پزشکی در مظان اتهام نقض صریح حقوق بشر قرار میدهد. این نوشتار در پی آن است تا از رهگذار ارائه مطالعهای تحلیلی و بینارشتهای دغدغه این دسته از مادران را که طبیعت زیست کروموزومی گزینهای چنین فرارویشان قرار داده است، مورد بررسی قرار دهد و این نکته را یادآور شود که مفهوم مادرانگی و کارویژههای ناظر به این نقش، بیش از هر چیز در گروِ درک مفهوم هویت و شناسایی وضعیت بینابینی به مثابه وضعیتی «متفاوت» و نه «دارای اختلال» است که در این صورت مادران بیناجنس که در قلمرو زیست بینابینشان در وضعیت نابرابر بهسر میبرند، اینبار میتوانند فرزندانشان را در حریم امنِ حق بر مادرانگی به آغوش بکشند.