Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 The Iranian Family in 2025–2026: From the Experience of War against the Family to the Reproduction of Resilience and Hope The Iranian Family in 2025–2026: From the Experience of War against the Family to the Reproduction of Resilience and Hope 1 6 106959 10.48308/jfr.2026.244164.2198 FA Mohammad Ali Mazaheri Faculty of Psychology, Department of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2026 05 04 The year 1404 (2025-2026) was one of the most difficult and fateful periods in contemporary history for Iranian society, marked by simultaneous crises such as two imposed wars (at the beginning and end of the year), drought, air pollution, economic pressures, inflation, social mistrust, political unrest, and Iran's strategic isolation in the international arena. Nevertheless, Iranian society also demonstrated resilience, solidarity, and a commendable spirit of resistance. From a family perspective, these crises directly penetrated into homes, and the family not only suffered harm but also became the most important space for calming, psychological recovery, and the regeneration of hope. The two recent wars, in particular, had a nature of "war against the family": the first war involved the assassination of scientists and commanders along with their families, and the second war involved the massacre of 168 children in Minab and family- and neighborhood-centered assassinations. This troubling trend, amid global silence, could become a new pattern in international conflicts. Accordingly, a scientific and interdisciplinary study of the consequences of these crises on the family institution—including childhood trauma, changes in parenting patterns, resilience, and the role of international institutions—is an urgent necessity. The Journal of Family Research invites all researchers from related fields to submit their articles focusing on family, crisis, resistance, and resilience for publication in a special priority section. The year 1404 (2025-2026) was one of the most difficult and fateful periods in contemporary history for Iranian society, marked by simultaneous crises such as two imposed wars (at the beginning and end of the year), drought, air pollution, economic pressures, inflation, social mistrust, political unrest, and Iran's strategic isolation in the international arena. Nevertheless, Iranian society also demonstrated resilience, solidarity, and a commendable spirit of resistance. From a family perspective, these crises directly penetrated into homes, and the family not only suffered harm but also became the most important space for calming, psychological recovery, and the regeneration of hope. The two recent wars, in particular, had a nature of "war against the family": the first war involved the assassination of scientists and commanders along with their families, and the second war involved the massacre of 168 children in Minab and family- and neighborhood-centered assassinations. This troubling trend, amid global silence, could become a new pattern in international conflicts. Accordingly, a scientific and interdisciplinary study of the consequences of these crises on the family institution—including childhood trauma, changes in parenting patterns, resilience, and the role of international institutions—is an urgent necessity. The Journal of Family Research invites all researchers from related fields to submit their articles focusing on family, crisis, resistance, and resilience for publication in a special priority section.

https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_106959_02c697c7487dc59257d9e32841e851cd.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 Development and Validation of The Persian Version of the Standard Stimulus Video to Measure Empathic Accuracy Between Couples Development and Validation of The Persian Version of the Standard Stimulus Video to Measure Empathic Accuracy Between Couples 7 27 106924 10.48308/jfr.2026.106924 FA Zeinab Ahmadi Majidi M.A. in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Ali Mazaheri Department of Education Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran ََAbbas Zabihzadeh Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran Journal Article 2026 04 24 Develop and validate the Persian version of the standardized stimulus video for measuring empathic accuracy between couples. This study consisted of four steps. Firstly, a list of Iranian movies focusing on family and marital themes was compiled, from which 50 clips were selected. These clips ranged from two to five minutes in length and emphasized marital intimacy and conflicts. Secondly, these 50 clips were screened by 1046 participants, who assessed their relevance, intensity, and difficulty. Based on participant feedback, 10 clips that best aligned with the research objectives were chosen. Thirdly, eight couple therapists analyzed these 10 clips, extracting the emotions portrayed by the couples in each scene. Final stage involved validating the extracted emotions by collaborating with 644 participants.All participants were selected through convenience sampling. The study resulted in the creation of 10 standardized stimulus videos, ranging from two to five minutes in duration. These videos centered around the themes of marital intimacy and conflicts and were categorized into two groups: difficult and easy, severe and mild, based on their difficulty and intensity. These videos serve as tools for evaluating empathic accuracy between couples. The study's findings contribute to the understanding of empathy in couple relationships and pave the way for future research on the structure of empathy in these contexts. Additionally, it highlights the significance of cultural factors, such as dependency culture, and suggests the initiation of new lines of investigation in this area. Develop and validate the Persian version of the standardized stimulus video for measuring empathic accuracy between couples. This study consisted of four steps. Firstly, a list of Iranian movies focusing on family and marital themes was compiled, from which 50 clips were selected. These clips ranged from two to five minutes in length and emphasized marital intimacy and conflicts. Secondly, these 50 clips were screened by 1046 participants, who assessed their relevance, intensity, and difficulty. Based on participant feedback, 10 clips that best aligned with the research objectives were chosen. Thirdly, eight couple therapists analyzed these 10 clips, extracting the emotions portrayed by the couples in each scene. Final stage involved validating the extracted emotions by collaborating with 644 participants.All participants were selected through convenience sampling. The study resulted in the creation of 10 standardized stimulus videos, ranging from two to five minutes in duration. These videos centered around the themes of marital intimacy and conflicts and were categorized into two groups: difficult and easy, severe and mild, based on their difficulty and intensity. These videos serve as tools for evaluating empathic accuracy between couples. The study's findings contribute to the understanding of empathy in couple relationships and pave the way for future research on the structure of empathy in these contexts. Additionally, it highlights the significance of cultural factors, such as dependency culture, and suggests the initiation of new lines of investigation in this area.

https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_106924_7594f042664d8b32f9406ffe6fb9cfaa.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 The Relationship Between Family Functioning and Distress Tolerance in Outpatients: The Mediating Role of Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion The Relationship Between Family Functioning and Distress Tolerance in Outpatients: The Mediating Role of Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion 28 47 106453 10.48308/jfr.2025.241419.2068 FA Leila Naraghi Salem Department of Psychology, Ne.C., Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran. Ahmad Mansouri Department of Psychology, Ne.C., Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran. Journal Article 2025 09 05 Introdaction: Distress tolerance is a central construct in clinical psychology, referring to individuals’ perceived capacity to endure negative emotions and stressful internal or external experiences. Low distress tolerance has been linked to various forms of psychopathology and maladaptive behaviors, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and substance use. Family functioning, as a fundamental system shaping psychological development and emotional adjustment, plays a crucial role in fostering or impairing distress tolerance. Families characterized by effective communication, emotional cohesion, and appropriate behavioral regulation tend to cultivate greater distress tolerance among their members. Two key psychological factors- psychological flexibility and self-compassion- are proposed to mediate this relationship. Psychological flexibility denotes the ability to adapt to difficult circumstances while engaging in value-consistent behavior, whereas self-compassion involves being kind to oneself, recognizing shared humanity, and maintaining mindful awareness during suffering. Previous studies have identified positive associations among family functioning, psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and distress tolerance. However, few studies have simultaneously examined the mediating roles of psychological flexibility and self-compassion in the association between family functioning and distress tolerance, particularly among non-clinical outpatient populations. The present study seeks to address this gap and provide a more comprehensive understanding of these underlying psychological mechanisms. Methodology: This study employed a quantitative, fundamental, cross-sectional, and correlational design to investigate psychological variables among clients of Aramesh Mandegar Counseling Centers in Mashhad during the first half of 2024. The statistical population included all individuals who sought psychological or counseling services at these centers, and a total of 318 participants were selected using convenience sampling. Although 320 questionnaires were distributed, two were excluded due to incomplete responses, resulting in a final sample of 318 participants. Inclusion criteria comprised an age range of 20–50 years, literacy in reading and writing, absence of chronic physical illnesses, and voluntary consent to participate in the research. Exclusion criteria included incomplete questionnaire responses and withdrawal of consent. All ethical standards were strictly observed, including confidentiality, respect for participants’ privacy, avoidance of harm, and obtaining written informed consent. The study received ethical approval from the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch (Code: IR.IAU.NEYSHABUR.REC.1403.017). Research instruments included the short form of the Family Assessment Device (Turliuc et al., 2016), the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire (Ben-Itzhak et al., 2014), the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005). Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 to test the hypothesized relationships among the study variables. Findings: After excluding two incomplete responses, data analysis was conducted on 318 participants, including 100 men (31.4%) and 218 women (68.6%). Among them, 42.5% were single, 49.1% married, 5.7% divorced, and 2.5% separated. Regarding education, 23.6% held a high school diploma, 13.5% an associate degree, 47.2% a bachelor’s, 14.8% a master’s, and 0.9% a PhD. Additionally, 36.5% were referred by others, while 63.5% were self-referred. Seventeen-point-nine percent had a history of suicide attempts, whereas 82.1% did not. All study variables were measured on interval scales. Correlational analyses indicated that family functioning had a significant negative relationship with self-warmth and psychological flexibility (p < .05), but a positive relationship with self-coldness and distress tolerance (p < .05). Self-warmth and psychological flexibility were negatively correlated with distress tolerance, while self-coldness was positively correlated (p < .05). Structural equation modeling results showed that family functioning had significant direct effects on psychological flexibility (β = –0.16, p < .05), self-coldness (β = 0.30, p < .05), and distress tolerance (β = 0.16, p < .05). Indirect effects were observed through psychological flexibility (β = 0.036) and self-coldness (β = 0.265), with a total effect of β = 0.35. Model fit indices (CFI = .93, TLI = .92, IFI = .93, GFI = .91, RMSEA = .067) indicated an acceptable overall model fit. Conclusion: The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of psychological flexibility and self-compassion in the relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance among outpatient clients. Findings indicated that family functioning influences distress tolerance both directly and indirectly through psychological flexibility and self-coldness. Optimal family functioning was associated with higher distress tolerance, whereas dysfunctional family patterns corresponded to lower tolerance. Families with poor functioning often lack problem-solving abilities, clear behavioral patterns, effective communication, and emotional support, which reduces members’ capacity to cope with distress. Dysfunctional family environments also undermine psychological flexibility, limiting individuals’ capacity to adapt behaviors to situational demands, regulate emotions, and employ coping strategies, thereby decreasing distress tolerance. Similarly, self-compassion, particularly high self-coldness, mediates the impact of family functioning on distress tolerance. Self-coldness, originates in early family relationships and is shaped by family support, cohesion, and secure attachment. Dysfunctional families increase self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification, reducing individuals’ ability to use self-compassion when facing stress and emotional distress. Interventions that improve family functioning, enhance psychological flexibility, and self-compassion may strengthen individuals’ ability to manage and tolerate distress more effectively. Introdaction: Distress tolerance is a central construct in clinical psychology, referring to individuals’ perceived capacity to endure negative emotions and stressful internal or external experiences. Low distress tolerance has been linked to various forms of psychopathology and maladaptive behaviors, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and substance use. Family functioning, as a fundamental system shaping psychological development and emotional adjustment, plays a crucial role in fostering or impairing distress tolerance. Families characterized by effective communication, emotional cohesion, and appropriate behavioral regulation tend to cultivate greater distress tolerance among their members. Two key psychological factors- psychological flexibility and self-compassion- are proposed to mediate this relationship. Psychological flexibility denotes the ability to adapt to difficult circumstances while engaging in value-consistent behavior, whereas self-compassion involves being kind to oneself, recognizing shared humanity, and maintaining mindful awareness during suffering. Previous studies have identified positive associations among family functioning, psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and distress tolerance. However, few studies have simultaneously examined the mediating roles of psychological flexibility and self-compassion in the association between family functioning and distress tolerance, particularly among non-clinical outpatient populations. The present study seeks to address this gap and provide a more comprehensive understanding of these underlying psychological mechanisms. Methodology: This study employed a quantitative, fundamental, cross-sectional, and correlational design to investigate psychological variables among clients of Aramesh Mandegar Counseling Centers in Mashhad during the first half of 2024. The statistical population included all individuals who sought psychological or counseling services at these centers, and a total of 318 participants were selected using convenience sampling. Although 320 questionnaires were distributed, two were excluded due to incomplete responses, resulting in a final sample of 318 participants. Inclusion criteria comprised an age range of 20–50 years, literacy in reading and writing, absence of chronic physical illnesses, and voluntary consent to participate in the research. Exclusion criteria included incomplete questionnaire responses and withdrawal of consent. All ethical standards were strictly observed, including confidentiality, respect for participants’ privacy, avoidance of harm, and obtaining written informed consent. The study received ethical approval from the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch (Code: IR.IAU.NEYSHABUR.REC.1403.017). Research instruments included the short form of the Family Assessment Device (Turliuc et al., 2016), the Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire (Ben-Itzhak et al., 2014), the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005). Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 to test the hypothesized relationships among the study variables. Findings: After excluding two incomplete responses, data analysis was conducted on 318 participants, including 100 men (31.4%) and 218 women (68.6%). Among them, 42.5% were single, 49.1% married, 5.7% divorced, and 2.5% separated. Regarding education, 23.6% held a high school diploma, 13.5% an associate degree, 47.2% a bachelor’s, 14.8% a master’s, and 0.9% a PhD. Additionally, 36.5% were referred by others, while 63.5% were self-referred. Seventeen-point-nine percent had a history of suicide attempts, whereas 82.1% did not. All study variables were measured on interval scales. Correlational analyses indicated that family functioning had a significant negative relationship with self-warmth and psychological flexibility (p < .05), but a positive relationship with self-coldness and distress tolerance (p < .05). Self-warmth and psychological flexibility were negatively correlated with distress tolerance, while self-coldness was positively correlated (p < .05). Structural equation modeling results showed that family functioning had significant direct effects on psychological flexibility (β = –0.16, p < .05), self-coldness (β = 0.30, p < .05), and distress tolerance (β = 0.16, p < .05). Indirect effects were observed through psychological flexibility (β = 0.036) and self-coldness (β = 0.265), with a total effect of β = 0.35. Model fit indices (CFI = .93, TLI = .92, IFI = .93, GFI = .91, RMSEA = .067) indicated an acceptable overall model fit. Conclusion: The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of psychological flexibility and self-compassion in the relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance among outpatient clients. Findings indicated that family functioning influences distress tolerance both directly and indirectly through psychological flexibility and self-coldness. Optimal family functioning was associated with higher distress tolerance, whereas dysfunctional family patterns corresponded to lower tolerance. Families with poor functioning often lack problem-solving abilities, clear behavioral patterns, effective communication, and emotional support, which reduces members’ capacity to cope with distress. Dysfunctional family environments also undermine psychological flexibility, limiting individuals’ capacity to adapt behaviors to situational demands, regulate emotions, and employ coping strategies, thereby decreasing distress tolerance. Similarly, self-compassion, particularly high self-coldness, mediates the impact of family functioning on distress tolerance. Self-coldness, originates in early family relationships and is shaped by family support, cohesion, and secure attachment. Dysfunctional families increase self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification, reducing individuals’ ability to use self-compassion when facing stress and emotional distress. Interventions that improve family functioning, enhance psychological flexibility, and self-compassion may strengthen individuals’ ability to manage and tolerate distress more effectively.

https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_106453_c385242d0d5109052fa5474d2960169a.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2025 11 03 Predicting Attitudes towards Infidelity in women: The roles of Sexual Self-Schema and love styles. Predicting Attitudes towards Infidelity in women: The roles of Sexual Self-Schema and love styles. 48 64 106428 10.48308/jfr.2025.233363.1646 FA Kianoush Zahrakar , Professor, Counseling Department, Kharazmi University,Iran, Tehran Esmael Asadpour Associate Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran Hamideh Salehi kharazmi university Journal Article 2023 10 08 Infidelity is considered a multi-dimentional harm from which, people have various interpretations. It could be seen that the gender gap is dwindling and as a result, more women engage in infidelity. This research is aimed at determining the predicting power of love Attitudes & Sexual Self-Schemas in attitudes towards Infidelity in women.This research was conducted using descriptive-correlational method & the statistical population consists of all the women with marital experience who refered to psychological centers in Karaj in 2022. 250 number of women were selected through the convenience sampling method. They answered the questionnaires as follows: Whately's Attitudes toward Infidelity Scale, Women’s Sexual Self-Schema Scale of Anderson and Cyranowski & Love Attitudes Scale of Hendrick & Hendrick.The results of this study showed that all predictive variables and their components had a significant relationship with attitude towards infidelity(p <0.05). In this study, sexual self-schemas & love attitudes altogether, could predict attitude towards infidelity. Regarding the findings of this study, Storge, Pragma, and Agape love attitudes as well as Open/direct & Embarrassed/conservative sexual self-schemas had a significant negative relationship with attitude towards infidelity. Ludus, Mania, and Eros love attitudes and Passionate/romantic sexual self-schema had a significant positive relationship with attitude towards infidelity. Infidelity is considered a multi-dimentional harm from which, people have various interpretations. It could be seen that the gender gap is dwindling and as a result, more women engage in infidelity. This research is aimed at determining the predicting power of love Attitudes & Sexual Self-Schemas in attitudes towards Infidelity in women.This research was conducted using descriptive-correlational method & the statistical population consists of all the women with marital experience who refered to psychological centers in Karaj in 2022. 250 number of women were selected through the convenience sampling method. They answered the questionnaires as follows: Whately's Attitudes toward Infidelity Scale, Women’s Sexual Self-Schema Scale of Anderson and Cyranowski & Love Attitudes Scale of Hendrick & Hendrick.The results of this study showed that all predictive variables and their components had a significant relationship with attitude towards infidelity(p <0.05). In this study, sexual self-schemas & love attitudes altogether, could predict attitude towards infidelity. Regarding the findings of this study, Storge, Pragma, and Agape love attitudes as well as Open/direct & Embarrassed/conservative sexual self-schemas had a significant negative relationship with attitude towards infidelity. Ludus, Mania, and Eros love attitudes and Passionate/romantic sexual self-schema had a significant positive relationship with attitude towards infidelity.

https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_106428_ae19f8c43580a48f8a10642a492baced.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the improvement of marital conflicts and the quality of relationships of betrayed women The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the improvement of marital conflicts and the quality of relationships of betrayed women 106243 10.48308/jfr.2025.236149.1777 FA Mahdieh Rahmanian Department of psychology. Payame noor University, Tehran, Iran Masoomeh Mirzaii payame noor university. Tehran. Iran Eztolah Kordmirza Department of psychology. Payame noor university. Tehran. Iran Mojgan Agahheris Depart,ment of psychology. Payame noor University. Tehran. Iran Journal Article 2024 06 29 Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral couple therapy on improving marital conflicts and the quality of relationships of betrayed women. Method: The method of this research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group. Using the targeted sampling method, 30 women who had been betrayed in one district of Tehran were selected, and they were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Marital conflict and relationship quality questionnaires were used to collect data. Then, the experimental group received 8 sessions of 120 minutes of group training of cognitive behavioral couple therapy, but the control group did not receive any intervention. For the follow-up phase, the questionnaires were implemented again two months after the post-test. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the marital conflicts and the quality of women's relationships in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Conclusion: Cognitive behavioral couple therapy can effectively increase the quality of relationships of betrayed women and reduce their conflicts and improve the problems related to intimacy, lack of agreement, interest, affection and commitment and personality compatibility of couples. Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral couple therapy on improving marital conflicts and the quality of relationships of betrayed women. Method: The method of this research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group. Using the targeted sampling method, 30 women who had been betrayed in one district of Tehran were selected, and they were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Marital conflict and relationship quality questionnaires were used to collect data. Then, the experimental group received 8 sessions of 120 minutes of group training of cognitive behavioral couple therapy, but the control group did not receive any intervention. For the follow-up phase, the questionnaires were implemented again two months after the post-test. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the marital conflicts and the quality of women's relationships in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Conclusion: Cognitive behavioral couple therapy can effectively increase the quality of relationships of betrayed women and reduce their conflicts and improve the problems related to intimacy, lack of agreement, interest, affection and commitment and personality compatibility of couples.

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 The Effects of Individual Counseling on Marital Burnout, Forgiveness, and Divorce Tendency of Afghan Women Affected by Marital Infidelity The Effects of Individual Counseling on Marital Burnout, Forgiveness, and Divorce Tendency of Afghan Women Affected by Marital Infidelity 106472 10.48308/jfr.2025.236574.1793 FA Mohammad Sajjad Afsharzada Department of Psychology and Social Work, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sweden Ozra Etemadi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Azam Naghavi Department of Counseling. Faculty of Education and Psychology. University of Isfahan. Isfahan. Iran 0000-0003-0559-6192 Journal Article 2024 08 12 Marital infidelity is recognized as one of the most challenging and damaging issues in intimate relationships, leading to profound psychological, emotional, relational, and social consequences. In many cultural settings, including Afghanistan, marital infidelity not only threatens the foundation of marriage but also evokes intense emotions such as anger, shame, and helplessness in the affected partner. Afghan women experience heightened vulnerability due to traditional gender roles, social pressures, economic and legal limitations, and cultural expectations related to maintaining family stability. Therefore, addressing the psychological needs of women affected by marital infidelity requires culturally sensitive, context-oriented, and evidence-based therapeutic interventions. Despite the high prevalence of this issue and its extensive consequences, no counseling programs have yet been specifically designed and evaluated for Afghan women affected by marital infidelity. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a counseling package developed based on the lived experiences of Afghan women affected by marital infidelity, and to evaluate its impact on marital burnout, divorce tendency, and forgiveness. This study employed a single-case A-B experimental design with a baseline phase to closely monitor individual changes over time and assess the clinical significance of the results. The statistical population included all Afghan women affected by marital infidelity who sought services in counseling centers and dispute resolution centers in Herat, Afghanistan, in 2023. Using convenience sampling, three women who met the inclusion criteria were selected. These participants attended eight individual counseling sessions and completed assessment instruments. Inclusion criteria consisted of informed consent and willingness to participate, experience of marital infidelity, absence of physical or movement-related problems, literacy, fluency in Persian for questionnaire completion, and age between 20 and 45 years. Exclusion criteria included the diagnosis of psychological disorders or the need for psychiatric medication after the start of the intervention, receiving simultaneous treatments, absence from at least two intervention sessions, failure to complete therapeutic assignments, and lack of cooperation or motivation to continue participation. The counseling protocol addressed key domains such as identifying thoughts and emotions related to infidelity, regulating and processing emotional distress, fostering empathy, reducing blame, promoting personal responsibility, and rebuilding trust. The intervention was guided by therapeutic empathy, cultural sensitivity, and an integration of evidence-based techniques, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, emotion-focused approaches, compassion-focused therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy. Data were collected at six time points, including baseline, during the intervention, and post-intervention. At each time point, participants completed questionnaires assessing marital burnout, divorce tendency, and forgiveness. Data analysis was conducted through visual analysis of change and stability patterns, along with calculating recovery percentages and reliable change indices to determine clinical significance. This approach allowed for accurate observation of individual change trajectories and ensured reliable interpretation of outcomes. The findings indicated substantial and clinically meaningful improvement in all participants. The average improvement in marital burnout was 53%, reflecting significant reductions in emotional exhaustion, psychological fatigue, and anger toward the spouse. Participants also reported enhanced emotional regulation, increased self-confidence, and greater readiness to confront relationship realities, whether pursuing reconciliation or focusing on personal independence. Divorce tendency decreased by an average of 42%, indicating greater cognitive clarity, increased willingness for compromise and emotional expression, strengthened commitment, reduced desire to exit the relationship impulsively, and improved coping and problem-solving skills. Furthermore, forgiveness increased by an average of 30%, reflecting improved emotional healing, realistic understanding, reduction of resentment, and decreased retaliatory responses. It is important to note that in this intervention, forgiveness did not entail ignoring the infidelity or suppressing emotional pain; rather, it was conceptualized as a process of attaining inner peace, emotional release, and personal growth. These results emphasize the effectiveness of a culturally tailored counseling package in enhancing forgiveness, decreasing marital burnout, and reducing divorce tendency among Afghan women affected by marital infidelity. The cultural adaptation of the intervention, reliance on participants’ lived experiences, and focus on emotional processing, empowerment, and value-based decision-making were key factors contributing to its success. Given the sensitivity of infidelity in traditional societies and the lack of specialized interventions, the findings of this study hold considerable value for mental health professionals, family counseling centers, and women's support organizations in Afghanistan and similar cultural contexts. This intervention model can be implemented and adapted in counseling and community support settings. It is recommended that future research employ larger samples, control groups, and long-term follow-up assessments to strengthen the validity and generalizability of this program. In conclusion, this study provides preliminary but compelling evidence that a culturally responsive therapeutic intervention can significantly reduce marital burnout and divorce tendency while enhancing forgiveness among Afghan women exposed to marital infidelity. Implementation of such programs can play a vital role in promoting family mental health and supporting women coping with marital crises. Marital infidelity is recognized as one of the most challenging and damaging issues in intimate relationships, leading to profound psychological, emotional, relational, and social consequences. In many cultural settings, including Afghanistan, marital infidelity not only threatens the foundation of marriage but also evokes intense emotions such as anger, shame, and helplessness in the affected partner. Afghan women experience heightened vulnerability due to traditional gender roles, social pressures, economic and legal limitations, and cultural expectations related to maintaining family stability. Therefore, addressing the psychological needs of women affected by marital infidelity requires culturally sensitive, context-oriented, and evidence-based therapeutic interventions. Despite the high prevalence of this issue and its extensive consequences, no counseling programs have yet been specifically designed and evaluated for Afghan women affected by marital infidelity. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a counseling package developed based on the lived experiences of Afghan women affected by marital infidelity, and to evaluate its impact on marital burnout, divorce tendency, and forgiveness. This study employed a single-case A-B experimental design with a baseline phase to closely monitor individual changes over time and assess the clinical significance of the results. The statistical population included all Afghan women affected by marital infidelity who sought services in counseling centers and dispute resolution centers in Herat, Afghanistan, in 2023. Using convenience sampling, three women who met the inclusion criteria were selected. These participants attended eight individual counseling sessions and completed assessment instruments. Inclusion criteria consisted of informed consent and willingness to participate, experience of marital infidelity, absence of physical or movement-related problems, literacy, fluency in Persian for questionnaire completion, and age between 20 and 45 years. Exclusion criteria included the diagnosis of psychological disorders or the need for psychiatric medication after the start of the intervention, receiving simultaneous treatments, absence from at least two intervention sessions, failure to complete therapeutic assignments, and lack of cooperation or motivation to continue participation. The counseling protocol addressed key domains such as identifying thoughts and emotions related to infidelity, regulating and processing emotional distress, fostering empathy, reducing blame, promoting personal responsibility, and rebuilding trust. The intervention was guided by therapeutic empathy, cultural sensitivity, and an integration of evidence-based techniques, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, emotion-focused approaches, compassion-focused therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy. Data were collected at six time points, including baseline, during the intervention, and post-intervention. At each time point, participants completed questionnaires assessing marital burnout, divorce tendency, and forgiveness. Data analysis was conducted through visual analysis of change and stability patterns, along with calculating recovery percentages and reliable change indices to determine clinical significance. This approach allowed for accurate observation of individual change trajectories and ensured reliable interpretation of outcomes. The findings indicated substantial and clinically meaningful improvement in all participants. The average improvement in marital burnout was 53%, reflecting significant reductions in emotional exhaustion, psychological fatigue, and anger toward the spouse. Participants also reported enhanced emotional regulation, increased self-confidence, and greater readiness to confront relationship realities, whether pursuing reconciliation or focusing on personal independence. Divorce tendency decreased by an average of 42%, indicating greater cognitive clarity, increased willingness for compromise and emotional expression, strengthened commitment, reduced desire to exit the relationship impulsively, and improved coping and problem-solving skills. Furthermore, forgiveness increased by an average of 30%, reflecting improved emotional healing, realistic understanding, reduction of resentment, and decreased retaliatory responses. It is important to note that in this intervention, forgiveness did not entail ignoring the infidelity or suppressing emotional pain; rather, it was conceptualized as a process of attaining inner peace, emotional release, and personal growth. These results emphasize the effectiveness of a culturally tailored counseling package in enhancing forgiveness, decreasing marital burnout, and reducing divorce tendency among Afghan women affected by marital infidelity. The cultural adaptation of the intervention, reliance on participants’ lived experiences, and focus on emotional processing, empowerment, and value-based decision-making were key factors contributing to its success. Given the sensitivity of infidelity in traditional societies and the lack of specialized interventions, the findings of this study hold considerable value for mental health professionals, family counseling centers, and women's support organizations in Afghanistan and similar cultural contexts. This intervention model can be implemented and adapted in counseling and community support settings. It is recommended that future research employ larger samples, control groups, and long-term follow-up assessments to strengthen the validity and generalizability of this program. In conclusion, this study provides preliminary but compelling evidence that a culturally responsive therapeutic intervention can significantly reduce marital burnout and divorce tendency while enhancing forgiveness among Afghan women exposed to marital infidelity. Implementation of such programs can play a vital role in promoting family mental health and supporting women coping with marital crises.

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 Evaluation of criminal intervention of state in Iran regarding childbearing: principles of the right to privacy and health in focus Evaluation of criminal intervention of state in Iran regarding childbearing: principles of the right to privacy and health in focus 106320 10.48308/jfr.2025.238852.1929 FA Zahra Babazadeh Women Studies Group, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Jalali Public Law Group, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad ّFarajiha Criminal Law and Criminology Group, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. Iran Journal Article 2025 02 21 Declining fertility rates is a global issue, and people in both developed and developing societies are postponing marriage and childbearing until later in life. To address this crisis, some countries have enacted population policies that may conflict with human rights principles. Since the beginning of 2012, the issue of population decline has become a concern for the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and finally, in 2021, the Family Protection and Youthful Population Law was enacted for a seven-year trial period. This study examines the Iranian government’s criminal approach to resolving the population crisis and reaching the desired goal of encouraging families to have three or more children. The study uses a qualitative approach including think description and in-depth analysis to investigate the government’s criminal interventions to achieve the goal of increasing childbearing vis-a-vis the Law on Family and Youth Protection. Findings indicate that the coercive policies envisaged in this law, not only disregard the principles of criminalization and reproductive rights but also have led to violations of the right to privacy and the right to health of individuals. Declining fertility rates is a global issue, and people in both developed and developing societies are postponing marriage and childbearing until later in life. To address this crisis, some countries have enacted population policies that may conflict with human rights principles. Since the beginning of 2012, the issue of population decline has become a concern for the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and finally, in 2021, the Family Protection and Youthful Population Law was enacted for a seven-year trial period. This study examines the Iranian government’s criminal approach to resolving the population crisis and reaching the desired goal of encouraging families to have three or more children. The study uses a qualitative approach including think description and in-depth analysis to investigate the government’s criminal interventions to achieve the goal of increasing childbearing vis-a-vis the Law on Family and Youth Protection. Findings indicate that the coercive policies envisaged in this law, not only disregard the principles of criminalization and reproductive rights but also have led to violations of the right to privacy and the right to health of individuals.

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 Addressing Infertility Challenges: The Impact of Group Narrative Therapy on Fertility Quality of Life and Infertility Self-Efficacy Addressing Infertility Challenges: The Impact of Group Narrative Therapy on Fertility Quality of Life and Infertility Self-Efficacy 106334 10.48308/jfr.2025.240929.2025 FA Fatemehe Nazari , Department of Consulting, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Sara Pourmaleki Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Hadi Smkhani Akbarinejad Department of Psychology, University College of Nabi Akram, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 01 The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of narrative therapy on reproductive quality of life and infertility self-efficacy in couples experiencing infertility. This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The study population comprised all infertile individuals who visited infertility centers and clinics during the first half of 2025. From this population, 32 individuals were selected using a non-probability sampling method based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assigned to either the experimental or control groups. The experimental group received narrative therapy in eight 90-minute sessions following a standardized protocol, while the control group received no intervention. Measurement tools included the Reproductive Quality of Life Questionnaire (Boivin et al., 2011) and the Infertility Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Cousineau et al., 2006). Data were analyzed using mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures in SPSS version 26. The findings indicated that narrative therapy significantly improved reproductive quality of life and infertility self-efficacy in the experimental group at both post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group. Therefore, narrative therapy appears to be an effective intervention for enhancing reproductive quality of life and infertility self-efficacy in couples facing infertility. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of narrative therapy on reproductive quality of life and infertility self-efficacy in couples experiencing infertility. This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The study population comprised all infertile individuals who visited infertility centers and clinics during the first half of 2025. From this population, 32 individuals were selected using a non-probability sampling method based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assigned to either the experimental or control groups. The experimental group received narrative therapy in eight 90-minute sessions following a standardized protocol, while the control group received no intervention. Measurement tools included the Reproductive Quality of Life Questionnaire (Boivin et al., 2011) and the Infertility Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Cousineau et al., 2006). Data were analyzed using mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures in SPSS version 26. The findings indicated that narrative therapy significantly improved reproductive quality of life and infertility self-efficacy in the experimental group at both post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group. Therefore, narrative therapy appears to be an effective intervention for enhancing reproductive quality of life and infertility self-efficacy in couples facing infertility.

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 The consequences of intentional abortion in women's lives: A phenomenological study The consequences of intentional abortion in women's lives: A phenomenological study 106307 10.48308/jfr.2025.240197.1990 FA Nayereh Ahmadi PhD student in Women Studies, Humanities Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Touba Shakeri Golpaygani Associate Professor, Department of Women Studies, Humanities Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-6908-6074 Shohre Rowshani Assistant Professor of Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Maryam Jamali Assistant Professor, Department of Women Studies, Humanities Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 30 Intentional abortion is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that affects various dimensions of women's lives. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the lived experience of women with intentional abortion and its consequences in their lives. Consequently, adopting a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenological strategy, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 women with a history of intentional abortion in Alborz Province, and the data were analyzed based on Colaizzi's seven-stage method. The findings indicate that the experience of intentional abortion leads to consequences in the emotional, cognitive, physical, psychological, spiritual, familial, and social dimensions of women's lives. The identified consequences are classifiable into two categories: "Objective and traceable consequences of the abortion experience," comprising three levels—individual, familial, and social consequences—and "Subjective consequences attributed to the abortion experience," comprising two levels—individual and familial consequences. The results of the study suggest that women, throughout their lives and over time, and depending on their circumstances and lived experiences before and after the abortion experience, encounter a combination of the identified consequences. It is recommended that the findings of this research be considered in policies adopted to reduce the incidence of intentional abortion. Intentional abortion is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that affects various dimensions of women's lives. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the lived experience of women with intentional abortion and its consequences in their lives. Consequently, adopting a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenological strategy, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 women with a history of intentional abortion in Alborz Province, and the data were analyzed based on Colaizzi's seven-stage method. The findings indicate that the experience of intentional abortion leads to consequences in the emotional, cognitive, physical, psychological, spiritual, familial, and social dimensions of women's lives. The identified consequences are classifiable into two categories: "Objective and traceable consequences of the abortion experience," comprising three levels—individual, familial, and social consequences—and "Subjective consequences attributed to the abortion experience," comprising two levels—individual and familial consequences. The results of the study suggest that women, throughout their lives and over time, and depending on their circumstances and lived experiences before and after the abortion experience, encounter a combination of the identified consequences. It is recommended that the findings of this research be considered in policies adopted to reduce the incidence of intentional abortion.

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 The Relationship between Perceived Autonomy Supportive Parenting and Identity Styles in Female Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Reflective Thinking The Relationship between Perceived Autonomy Supportive Parenting and Identity Styles in Female Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Reflective Thinking 106217 10.48308/jfr.2025.239620.1969 FA Fatemeh Tahmasbi Jaghargh department of counseling and educational psychology, faculty of education and psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Maryam Bordbar department of counseling and educational psychology- faculty of education and psychology- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad- Mashhad- Iran Seyyed Mohsen Asgharinekah department of counseling and educational psychology, faculty of education and psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Journal Article 2025 04 23 The aim of the current research was to predict adolescent identity styles based on perceived autonomy-supportive parenting, considering the mediating role of reflective thinking. The present research was quantitative and descriptive-correlation of structural equation modeling type. The research population consisted of the secondary students in the academic year of 1402-1403. A total of 271 students were selected using convenience sampling method. In order to collect data and measure research variables, questionnaires of identity styles, Berzonsky (1992), perception of parental autonomy support, Lim (2018), and reflective thinking, Kizilkaya and Askar (2009) were used. Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling method using AMOS software, and the findings of the research indicated that parenting perceived to support autonomy indirectly through reflective thinking is a positive predictor of informational and normative identity styles and a negative predictor of confused/avoidant identity style. Also, perceived autonomy-supportive parenting has a direct and positive relationship with reflective thinking and normative identity style. Reflective thinking directly and positively predicts informative and normative identity styles and negatively predicts confused/avoidant identity style. This research has shown that parental support for adolescent autonomy leads to the formation of identity by increasing reflective thinking. The aim of the current research was to predict adolescent identity styles based on perceived autonomy-supportive parenting, considering the mediating role of reflective thinking. The present research was quantitative and descriptive-correlation of structural equation modeling type. The research population consisted of the secondary students in the academic year of 1402-1403. A total of 271 students were selected using convenience sampling method. In order to collect data and measure research variables, questionnaires of identity styles, Berzonsky (1992), perception of parental autonomy support, Lim (2018), and reflective thinking, Kizilkaya and Askar (2009) were used. Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling method using AMOS software, and the findings of the research indicated that parenting perceived to support autonomy indirectly through reflective thinking is a positive predictor of informational and normative identity styles and a negative predictor of confused/avoidant identity style. Also, perceived autonomy-supportive parenting has a direct and positive relationship with reflective thinking and normative identity style. Reflective thinking directly and positively predicts informative and normative identity styles and negatively predicts confused/avoidant identity style. This research has shown that parental support for adolescent autonomy leads to the formation of identity by increasing reflective thinking.

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 Exploring the Perceived Psychological Burden in the Lived Experience of Mothers of Child with Epilepsy Exploring the Perceived Psychological Burden in the Lived Experience of Mothers of Child with Epilepsy 106468 10.48308/jfr.2025.240202.1989 FA Leila Mehrangiz Ph. D. candidate in psychology , Faculty of education of science and psychology , university of Isfahan Maryam Esmaeili Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan Azam Naghavi Associate Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran 0000-0003-0559-6192 Masoud Etemadi Far Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 30 Extended Abstract Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting over 70 million people worldwide and significantly impacting the physical and mental health of children (Moghaddasi et al., 2021). This chronic and debilitating condition is characterized by recurrent, unpredictable seizures, negatively affecting the quality of life of both children and their families (Lee et al., 2025). Among family members, mothers bear primary responsibility for caregiving and are subjected to severe physical, psychological, and social stressors (Sarpdaghi & Kapik, 2023). Mothers of children with epilepsy face multiple challenges, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, guilt, and social isolation. These difficulties arise from factors such as the financial burden of treatment, constant supervision, lifestyle changes, and concerns about their child's future (Atan et al., 2025). Studies indicate that poor maternal sleep quality, especially due to nocturnal seizures, significantly increases the risk of chronic fatigue and depression (Yucel et al., 2023). Research shows that 68% of children with epilepsy experience seizures at night, leading to reduced maternal sleep quality and heightened caregiving anxiety (Cook et al., 2023). Beyond physical and psychological distress, mothers of children with epilepsy often experience social stigma. In some communities, misconceptions persist, with epilepsy being wrongly attributed to supernatural causes or contagious factors. This leads to social withdrawal and reduced social support for affected families (Wang et al., 2024; Yeni et al., 2024). The resulting social isolation and lack of understanding from society intensify maternal psychological stress, discouraging them from discussing their struggles, which further deteriorates their mental health (Jones et al., 2023). Moreover, mothers of children with treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) face an even greater psychological and physical burden. Forty percent of children with epilepsy do not respond to conventional treatments, necessitating rigorous management of complex therapeutic regimens. This not only reduces the child’s quality of life but also heightens maternal stress and feelings of helplessness (Metzger et al., 2024). Overall, mothers of children with epilepsy experience multifaceted challenges spanning physical, psychological, social, and economic dimensions, significantly affecting their quality of life and mental well-being. However, this aspect of epilepsy remains understudied, requiring further investigation (Jacobsen & Alqleit, 2021). Therefore, the present study aimed to address the following question: How do mothers of children with epilepsy experience their perceived psychological burden, in a way that reflects the pressures, stressors, and caregiving responsibilities from their own perspective? Methodology: This study employed a qualitative approach using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis (2006, 2013), a flexible method suitable for qualitative data analysis (Narimani & Sadeghzadeh Balil, 2024; Abdali Aghagoli & Aminiha, 2022). The study population comprised mothers of children with epilepsy in Isfahan, selected through purposive sampling. A total of 14 eligible mothers participated voluntarily after providing informed consent. Inclusion criteria were a minimum secondary school education, the ability to comprehend interview content, having a child with epilepsy registered at the Isfahan Epilepsy Association, and providing care for over five years. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, designed based on literature review and expert consultation, focusing on mothers lived experiences. Interviews lasted 45 to 90 minutes and were conducted over four months (June to September 2024). Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s framework (2006, 2013). Findings: The findings of this research include four main themes and 23 sub-themes. The themes indicate that mothers of children with epilepsy face unpleasant emotions and helplessness, concerns and worries, social stigma and shame, and caregiving burden with inadequate support, each of which negatively affects their mental health and quality of life Theme 1: Unpleasant Emotions and Distress Mothers of children with epilepsy experienced a range of distressing emotions. They reported depression, characterized by sadness, hopelessness, and reduced motivation. Anger arose in response to unpredictable seizures and caregiving challenges, while jealousy emerged when comparing their child to healthy peers. Continuous caregiving caused severe fatigue and emotional exhaustion, leading to physical problems such as headaches, sensory disturbances, and memory lapses. These cumulative pressures reinforced a sense of distress and helplessness, affecting both psychological and physical well-being Theme 2: Mothers’ Concerns and Worries Mothers of children with epilepsy faced persistent concerns that affected daily life and wellbeing. They reported anxiety about school personnel’s neglect, their child’s future ability to live independently, and frequent uncontrollable seizures. Worries included seizure-related accidents and the challenge of making the home safe. Mothers feared the child’s illness and seizure recurrence, potential neurological consequences of seizures, the burden of strict adherence to anti-seizure medication, and its side effects. Intense child dependency on the mother amplified these concerns and added continuous caregiving stress. Theme 3: Social Stigma and Shame Mothers of children with epilepsy experienced intense social stigma and shame. They feared others not keeping their child’s condition private, being mocked or humiliated, and the child’s illness being a source of shame. Concerns also included excessive pity from others and being blamed, reinforcing social embarrassment and reduced confidence. Theme 4: Care Burden and Insufficient Support Mothers of children with epilepsy faced a heavy care burden and insufficient support. They reported lack of supportive organizations, limited access to up-to-date specialists, inadequate support from spouses and relatives, and the stress of high treatment costs and financial insecurity, intensifying caregiving challenges and feelings of helplessness. Conclusion: This study, by examining the lived experiences of mothers of children with epilepsy, revealed various challenges and needs they face. The findings show that the psychological, social, and physical impacts of epilepsy affect not only the child’s health but also the mothers' well-being. Issues such as anxiety, depression, social stigma, and caregiving pressures were identified as major concerns for mothers, highlighting the necessity for effective support and awareness-raising. This study provides a conceptual framework for a deeper understanding of the impact of epilepsy on families, offering valuable insights for policymakers and health professionals in designing targeted support and educational programs for these families. It is also recommended that future studies explore the experiences of other family members and different cultural and social contexts to enhance the breadth of the literature in this field Extended Abstract Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting over 70 million people worldwide and significantly impacting the physical and mental health of children (Moghaddasi et al., 2021). This chronic and debilitating condition is characterized by recurrent, unpredictable seizures, negatively affecting the quality of life of both children and their families (Lee et al., 2025). Among family members, mothers bear primary responsibility for caregiving and are subjected to severe physical, psychological, and social stressors (Sarpdaghi & Kapik, 2023). Mothers of children with epilepsy face multiple challenges, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, guilt, and social isolation. These difficulties arise from factors such as the financial burden of treatment, constant supervision, lifestyle changes, and concerns about their child's future (Atan et al., 2025). Studies indicate that poor maternal sleep quality, especially due to nocturnal seizures, significantly increases the risk of chronic fatigue and depression (Yucel et al., 2023). Research shows that 68% of children with epilepsy experience seizures at night, leading to reduced maternal sleep quality and heightened caregiving anxiety (Cook et al., 2023). Beyond physical and psychological distress, mothers of children with epilepsy often experience social stigma. In some communities, misconceptions persist, with epilepsy being wrongly attributed to supernatural causes or contagious factors. This leads to social withdrawal and reduced social support for affected families (Wang et al., 2024; Yeni et al., 2024). The resulting social isolation and lack of understanding from society intensify maternal psychological stress, discouraging them from discussing their struggles, which further deteriorates their mental health (Jones et al., 2023). Moreover, mothers of children with treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) face an even greater psychological and physical burden. Forty percent of children with epilepsy do not respond to conventional treatments, necessitating rigorous management of complex therapeutic regimens. This not only reduces the child’s quality of life but also heightens maternal stress and feelings of helplessness (Metzger et al., 2024). Overall, mothers of children with epilepsy experience multifaceted challenges spanning physical, psychological, social, and economic dimensions, significantly affecting their quality of life and mental well-being. However, this aspect of epilepsy remains understudied, requiring further investigation (Jacobsen & Alqleit, 2021). Therefore, the present study aimed to address the following question: How do mothers of children with epilepsy experience their perceived psychological burden, in a way that reflects the pressures, stressors, and caregiving responsibilities from their own perspective? Methodology: This study employed a qualitative approach using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis (2006, 2013), a flexible method suitable for qualitative data analysis (Narimani & Sadeghzadeh Balil, 2024; Abdali Aghagoli & Aminiha, 2022). The study population comprised mothers of children with epilepsy in Isfahan, selected through purposive sampling. A total of 14 eligible mothers participated voluntarily after providing informed consent. Inclusion criteria were a minimum secondary school education, the ability to comprehend interview content, having a child with epilepsy registered at the Isfahan Epilepsy Association, and providing care for over five years. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, designed based on literature review and expert consultation, focusing on mothers lived experiences. Interviews lasted 45 to 90 minutes and were conducted over four months (June to September 2024). Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s framework (2006, 2013). Findings: The findings of this research include four main themes and 23 sub-themes. The themes indicate that mothers of children with epilepsy face unpleasant emotions and helplessness, concerns and worries, social stigma and shame, and caregiving burden with inadequate support, each of which negatively affects their mental health and quality of life Theme 1: Unpleasant Emotions and Distress Mothers of children with epilepsy experienced a range of distressing emotions. They reported depression, characterized by sadness, hopelessness, and reduced motivation. Anger arose in response to unpredictable seizures and caregiving challenges, while jealousy emerged when comparing their child to healthy peers. Continuous caregiving caused severe fatigue and emotional exhaustion, leading to physical problems such as headaches, sensory disturbances, and memory lapses. These cumulative pressures reinforced a sense of distress and helplessness, affecting both psychological and physical well-being Theme 2: Mothers’ Concerns and Worries Mothers of children with epilepsy faced persistent concerns that affected daily life and wellbeing. They reported anxiety about school personnel’s neglect, their child’s future ability to live independently, and frequent uncontrollable seizures. Worries included seizure-related accidents and the challenge of making the home safe. Mothers feared the child’s illness and seizure recurrence, potential neurological consequences of seizures, the burden of strict adherence to anti-seizure medication, and its side effects. Intense child dependency on the mother amplified these concerns and added continuous caregiving stress. Theme 3: Social Stigma and Shame Mothers of children with epilepsy experienced intense social stigma and shame. They feared others not keeping their child’s condition private, being mocked or humiliated, and the child’s illness being a source of shame. Concerns also included excessive pity from others and being blamed, reinforcing social embarrassment and reduced confidence. Theme 4: Care Burden and Insufficient Support Mothers of children with epilepsy faced a heavy care burden and insufficient support. They reported lack of supportive organizations, limited access to up-to-date specialists, inadequate support from spouses and relatives, and the stress of high treatment costs and financial insecurity, intensifying caregiving challenges and feelings of helplessness. Conclusion: This study, by examining the lived experiences of mothers of children with epilepsy, revealed various challenges and needs they face. The findings show that the psychological, social, and physical impacts of epilepsy affect not only the child’s health but also the mothers' well-being. Issues such as anxiety, depression, social stigma, and caregiving pressures were identified as major concerns for mothers, highlighting the necessity for effective support and awareness-raising. This study provides a conceptual framework for a deeper understanding of the impact of epilepsy on families, offering valuable insights for policymakers and health professionals in designing targeted support and educational programs for these families. It is also recommended that future studies explore the experiences of other family members and different cultural and social contexts to enhance the breadth of the literature in this field

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 Effectiveness of psychological reconstruction after divorce on feelings of inferiority, emotional empowerment, and distress tolerance in divorced men with child custody Effectiveness of psychological reconstruction after divorce on feelings of inferiority, emotional empowerment, and distress tolerance in divorced men with child custody 106450 10.48308/jfr.2025.236708.1803 FA Raziyeh Nazer Department of psychology, Naein Branch,, Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran Shahnaz Khaleghipour Department of Psychology, Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 26 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological reconstruction intervention after divorce on feelings of inferiority, emotional competence, and distress tolerance in divorced men with child custody. This research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included divorced men with child custody in the city of Isfahan in the first half of 1403 AH. Using purposive sampling, 30 of these men were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (15 people) and control (15 people). The data collection tools included the Khodadadi and Bahrami Inferiority Feelings Questionnaire (2012), the Mars Emotion Self-Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (2000), and the Simmons and Gaher Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (2005). The Fisher and Alberti (2017) divorce reconstruction package was implemented on the experimental group over 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance using SPSS-22 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the research variables and that psychological reconstruction intervention after divorce was effective in reducing feelings of inferiority and increasing distress tolerance and emotional competence in divorced men with child custody (P≤0.05) . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological reconstruction intervention after divorce on feelings of inferiority, emotional competence, and distress tolerance in divorced men with child custody. This research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included divorced men with child custody in the city of Isfahan in the first half of 1403 AH. Using purposive sampling, 30 of these men were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (15 people) and control (15 people). The data collection tools included the Khodadadi and Bahrami Inferiority Feelings Questionnaire (2012), the Mars Emotion Self-Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (2000), and the Simmons and Gaher Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (2005). The Fisher and Alberti (2017) divorce reconstruction package was implemented on the experimental group over 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance using SPSS-22 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the research variables and that psychological reconstruction intervention after divorce was effective in reducing feelings of inferiority and increasing distress tolerance and emotional competence in divorced men with child custody (P≤0.05) .

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 22 1 2026 03 21 The Relationship between Parenting Styles and Child-to-Parent Violence: The Mediating Role of Emotional and Behavioral Problems The Relationship between Parenting Styles and Child-to-Parent Violence: The Mediating Role of Emotional and Behavioral Problems 106321 10.48308/jfr.2025.238645.1944 FA Hura Majd Master of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Elham Hakimirad Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Omid Shokri Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 09 Adolescent-to-parent violence is known as one of the important challenges in the family system, which is influenced by several factors. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and adolescent-to-parent violence with the mediating role of emotional and behavioral problems. The statistical population included all parents with children aged 12 to 17 in Amol city in 2024, from which 499 people were selected using the convenience sampling method. To collect research data, the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling with the SPSS and AMOS 18 software. The findings from structural equation modeling showed that parenting styles have a significant effect on adolescents' emotional/behavioral problems. Parenting styles did not show a direct effect on adolescent-to-parent violence, but the direct effect of adolescent emotional/behavioral problems on adolescent-to-parent violence was positive and significant. The results indicate that emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents as a mediating factor between parenting styles and adolescent-to-parent violence and that by diagnosing and intervening promptly with these disorders and modifying parenting styles, action can be taken to prevent violence against parents. Adolescent-to-parent violence is known as one of the important challenges in the family system, which is influenced by several factors. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and adolescent-to-parent violence with the mediating role of emotional and behavioral problems. The statistical population included all parents with children aged 12 to 17 in Amol city in 2024, from which 499 people were selected using the convenience sampling method. To collect research data, the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling with the SPSS and AMOS 18 software. The findings from structural equation modeling showed that parenting styles have a significant effect on adolescents' emotional/behavioral problems. Parenting styles did not show a direct effect on adolescent-to-parent violence, but the direct effect of adolescent emotional/behavioral problems on adolescent-to-parent violence was positive and significant. The results indicate that emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents as a mediating factor between parenting styles and adolescent-to-parent violence and that by diagnosing and intervening promptly with these disorders and modifying parenting styles, action can be taken to prevent violence against parents.