Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844219220230723Women's Lived Experience of the Phenomenon of Early Marriage: A Qualitative StudyWomen's Lived Experience of the Phenomenon of Early Marriage: A Qualitative Study19721510366710.48308/JFR.19.2.197FAAli AkbarMajdiAssistant Professor of Social Sciences Department of Ferdowsi University of MashhadMahdiKermaniAssistant Professor of Social Sciences Department of Ferdowsi University of MashhadZahraBaradaran KashaniPhD student in Economic Sociology and Development, Ferdowsi UniversityFatemehKhedmatiBS student Social Sciences of Ferdowsi UniversityJournal Article20220310Child marriage creates severe challenges for girls without the necessary physical, mental, and social preparation and strength from childhood to adulthood. The Important issue in this regard is the complex and multi-level effect of this phenomenon on various aspects of the social actors' lives, which makes the investigation of this phenomenon dependent on the in-depth analysis of women's lived experience of early marriage in the social and cultural context. This research, with a qualitative approach based on grounded theory, has investigated the mentioned issue among girls aged 13 to 17 in Boqhmech village, in the central part of Chenaran City, who had the experience of early marriage, in total 10 of these girls were interviewed. Based on the results, factors such as "intergenerational custom of an early marriage", "irrelevance of girls' education", "social pressure on unmarried girls", "closed and introspective cultural environment of rural society", "centeredness of patriarchy in the social system of rural society and lack of acceptance for love before marriage" will be effective on the phenomenon of "child marriage: the combination of childish passivity and traditional authority". The participants in the research employed strategies such as "carelessness in choosing a spouse", "prejudicial in entering into married life", "hasty in teaching the principles of marriage" and "choosing a spouse in the kinship network", and accepted consequences such as "to The risk of falling physical health", "psychological pressure caused by not being ready to accept the role of wife and mother", "the continuation of social traditions supporting early marriage", "the experience of alienation from oneself in the role of the wife" and finally "social isolation<strong>".</strong>Child marriage creates severe challenges for girls without the necessary physical, mental, and social preparation and strength from childhood to adulthood. The Important issue in this regard is the complex and multi-level effect of this phenomenon on various aspects of the social actors' lives, which makes the investigation of this phenomenon dependent on the in-depth analysis of women's lived experience of early marriage in the social and cultural context. This research, with a qualitative approach based on grounded theory, has investigated the mentioned issue among girls aged 13 to 17 in Boqhmech village, in the central part of Chenaran City, who had the experience of early marriage, in total 10 of these girls were interviewed. Based on the results, factors such as "intergenerational custom of an early marriage", "irrelevance of girls' education", "social pressure on unmarried girls", "closed and introspective cultural environment of rural society", "centeredness of patriarchy in the social system of rural society and lack of acceptance for love before marriage" will be effective on the phenomenon of "child marriage: the combination of childish passivity and traditional authority". The participants in the research employed strategies such as "carelessness in choosing a spouse", "prejudicial in entering into married life", "hasty in teaching the principles of marriage" and "choosing a spouse in the kinship network", and accepted consequences such as "to The risk of falling physical health", "psychological pressure caused by not being ready to accept the role of wife and mother", "the continuation of social traditions supporting early marriage", "the experience of alienation from oneself in the role of the wife" and finally "social isolation<strong>".</strong>https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_103667_4391951ad5f1feda0fa04a6752c1257c.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844219220230723Prediction of Marital Adjustment Based on Loneliness, Death Anxiety and Meaning of Life among Married Couple in TehranPrediction of Marital Adjustment Based on Loneliness, Death Anxiety and Meaning of Life among Married Couple in Tehran21723510358610.48308/JFR.19.2.217FAMohamadSajadGhafouriFamily Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranAliZadehmohamadiFamily Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranLilyPanaghiFamily Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220129One of the most important determinants of optimal family performance is marital adjustment. There are several factors associated with marital adjustment, including loneliness, death anxiety, and the meaning of life. The study aims to predict marital adjustment based on loneliness, death anxiety and the meaning of life. The method of this study is correlational. The statistical population of this study is all married people living in Tehran. For this purpose, 231 people were selected by available sampling method to complete the online questionnaires in cyberspace and completed the Marital Adjustment (MAT), Loneliness (UCLA), Death Anxiety (DAS) and Meaning of Life (MLQ) questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multiple regression method. The results of this study showed that marital adjustment has a negative and significant relationship with loneliness and a positive and significant relationship with meaning of life and no significant relationship with death anxiety. It also predicted variables of loneliness and meaning of life in marital adjustment. Thus, it can be concluded that the loneliness and the meaning of life play an important role in the marital adjustment of spouses.One of the most important determinants of optimal family performance is marital adjustment. There are several factors associated with marital adjustment, including loneliness, death anxiety, and the meaning of life. The study aims to predict marital adjustment based on loneliness, death anxiety and the meaning of life. The method of this study is correlational. The statistical population of this study is all married people living in Tehran. For this purpose, 231 people were selected by available sampling method to complete the online questionnaires in cyberspace and completed the Marital Adjustment (MAT), Loneliness (UCLA), Death Anxiety (DAS) and Meaning of Life (MLQ) questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multiple regression method. The results of this study showed that marital adjustment has a negative and significant relationship with loneliness and a positive and significant relationship with meaning of life and no significant relationship with death anxiety. It also predicted variables of loneliness and meaning of life in marital adjustment. Thus, it can be concluded that the loneliness and the meaning of life play an important role in the marital adjustment of spouses.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_103586_bde45ac339aafcf672cf191df864ad4e.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844219220230723Psychological Trauma of Mothers during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative StudyPsychological Trauma of Mothers during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study23725410364310.48308/JFR.19.2.237FANedaRoshaniDepartment of counseling, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad university, Ahvaz, IranMaryamGholamzadeh JofrehAssistant Professor of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, IranRezgarMohammadiDepartment of Psychology, Saba shahr Branch, Islamic Azad university, Saba shahr, IranJournal Article20211231The present study aimed to find the psychological trauma of mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method was qualitative, and the interviewees were purposefully selected. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 mothers and continued until data saturation was reached. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis revealed four main themes and ten sub-themes, including (1) Maternal concerns (fear caused by media monitoring, children’s health concerns, concern for the children’s condition), (2) Repetitive behaviors and thoughts (unusual duplications, annoying thoughts), (3) depressed mood (depressed due to quarantine, annoyed by the death of others, tired of virtual education), and (4) Disrupted sleep and eating patterns (night awakenings, fluctuation in diet). The results showed that the mothers’ mental health was endangered during the Covid-19 pandemic. Also, the issues discovered in this study provide information about the psychological trauma of mothers and other family members; therefore, relevant organizations should consider them in treatment and preventive measures.The present study aimed to find the psychological trauma of mothers during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method was qualitative, and the interviewees were purposefully selected. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 mothers and continued until data saturation was reached. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis revealed four main themes and ten sub-themes, including (1) Maternal concerns (fear caused by media monitoring, children’s health concerns, concern for the children’s condition), (2) Repetitive behaviors and thoughts (unusual duplications, annoying thoughts), (3) depressed mood (depressed due to quarantine, annoyed by the death of others, tired of virtual education), and (4) Disrupted sleep and eating patterns (night awakenings, fluctuation in diet). The results showed that the mothers’ mental health was endangered during the Covid-19 pandemic. Also, the issues discovered in this study provide information about the psychological trauma of mothers and other family members; therefore, relevant organizations should consider them in treatment and preventive measures.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_103643_53614e33f3c8ad74de8ac42fe709972b.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844219220230723The Effect of Training Based on the Flourishing Psychological Model on Forgiveness in Mothers of Students with Hearing LossThe Effect of Training Based on the Flourishing Psychological Model on Forgiveness in Mothers of Students with Hearing Loss25527010369010.48308/JFR.19.2.255FASayed HosseinSiadatian AraniDepartment of Children with Special Needs / Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Isfahan / Isfahan / IranMohammadAshoriAssociate Professor, Department of Psychology and Education of People with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranSalarFaramarziDepartment of Psychology and Education of People with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranGhasemNorouziDepartment of Psychology and Education of People with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranLinda JSpencerDepartment of MS Speech Language Pathology, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, United StatesJournal Article20221008The aim of this study is to determine the effect of training based on the flourishing psychological model on forgiveness in mothers of students with hearing loss. This research was conducted with a quasi-experimental method and a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included 98 mothers of adolescents with hearing loss in Kashan in the 2021-2022 academic year, of which 28 were randomly selected and replaced in an experimental group (13 people) and a control group (15 people). Training sessions based on Seligman’s flourishing training package (2011) were held in 10 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group. Data were collected using a Heartland Forgiveness Scale (2005) and analyzed using mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results showed that the intervention significantly increased forgiveness and subscales of self-forgiveness, others and position in post-test phase (P<0.01). The results of the Benferoni test showed that the increase in post-test scores was relatively stable in the follow-up phase. Based on the findings, a training program based on the flourishing psychological model was effective in improving the forgiveness in mothers of students with hearing loss. Therefore, this program can be used to promote forgiveness in mothers.The aim of this study is to determine the effect of training based on the flourishing psychological model on forgiveness in mothers of students with hearing loss. This research was conducted with a quasi-experimental method and a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included 98 mothers of adolescents with hearing loss in Kashan in the 2021-2022 academic year, of which 28 were randomly selected and replaced in an experimental group (13 people) and a control group (15 people). Training sessions based on Seligman’s flourishing training package (2011) were held in 10 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group. Data were collected using a Heartland Forgiveness Scale (2005) and analyzed using mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results showed that the intervention significantly increased forgiveness and subscales of self-forgiveness, others and position in post-test phase (P<0.01). The results of the Benferoni test showed that the increase in post-test scores was relatively stable in the follow-up phase. Based on the findings, a training program based on the flourishing psychological model was effective in improving the forgiveness in mothers of students with hearing loss. Therefore, this program can be used to promote forgiveness in mothers.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_103690_ee6521f43a726d52a09027e31aad3264.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844219220230723Compilation and Validation of a Parental Care Program based on Lived Experiences of Mothers of children with DiabetesCompilation and Validation of a Parental Care Program based on Lived Experiences of Mothers of children with Diabetes27129510366810.48308/JFR.19.2.271FAKhadijeBelkamePhd.student,Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Isfahan (khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.HadiFarhadiAssociated Professor,Addictive Behaviours Research Center, Isfahan (khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.FelorKhayatanAssistant Professor, Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Isfahan (khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20230128The aim of this research is to develop and validate a parental care program based on the lived experiences of mothers with diabetic children. Using the qualitative method and phenomenological approach, 16 mothers with diabetic children were selected using a targeted sampling method, and then through a semi-structured interview, information on the care factors of diabetic children was collected. The analysis of data using the Claizzeri method showed 4 main themes including "impact on individual characteristics", "impact on family", "concerns", and "needs" and 18 sub-themes were classified. According to these themes, a parental care program was designed and compiled in 14 sessions for mothers and 6 sessions for children with diabetes. Validation results showed that the minimum and maximum CVR for each component of the program were calculated as 0.81 and 1, respectively. The minimum and maximum amount of CVI for each item or component of the program was obtained as 0.80 and 1, respectively. The average content validity index for the whole program was 0.96. The results showed that the parental care program based on the lived experiences of mothers with diabetic children has good form and content validity and has the necessary validity for educational, clinical and research applications.The aim of this research is to develop and validate a parental care program based on the lived experiences of mothers with diabetic children. Using the qualitative method and phenomenological approach, 16 mothers with diabetic children were selected using a targeted sampling method, and then through a semi-structured interview, information on the care factors of diabetic children was collected. The analysis of data using the Claizzeri method showed 4 main themes including "impact on individual characteristics", "impact on family", "concerns", and "needs" and 18 sub-themes were classified. According to these themes, a parental care program was designed and compiled in 14 sessions for mothers and 6 sessions for children with diabetes. Validation results showed that the minimum and maximum CVR for each component of the program were calculated as 0.81 and 1, respectively. The minimum and maximum amount of CVI for each item or component of the program was obtained as 0.80 and 1, respectively. The average content validity index for the whole program was 0.96. The results showed that the parental care program based on the lived experiences of mothers with diabetic children has good form and content validity and has the necessary validity for educational, clinical and research applications.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_103668_9a1ae54ed8c02d2e50ee313cdbfe4201.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844219220230723The Civil Liability of Parents with Severe Diseases in Article 23 of the Family Protection ActThe Civil Liability of Parents with Severe Diseases in Article 23 of the Family Protection Act29732510362810.48308/JFR.19.2.297FAFatemeh SadatHosseiniAssistant Professor, Refah Faculty, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220918Privacy is a valid inquiry within the field of law and The Government cannot interfere in the Private Life of the People, Except in Cases of Legal Authorization. One of the examples of Governments’ intervention in people<sup>’</sup>s Privacy, can be seen in article 23 of Family Protection Act. This Article includes the provision that in order to register the marriage in the registry office, the registrar must ask the couple for a medical certificate proving that they are not addicted to drugs and they are not suffering from the Diseases that are the subject of this Article. Also, the text of this Article deems it necessary to prohibit procreation in the presence of Contagious and severe diseases, if the couple wishes to marry. Now The Main Question of this research is that if a couple wants to have children despite the Knowledge of the Spread of the Disease to the Child, are they viable in a civil court? It Seems that According to the literature and concerns, we Can Consider the Civil Liability to be Certain, Because a child born with severe illness will surely suffer many Financial and Spiritual Losses. Appropriate Methods Can be Used for Compensation and at the Same Time, The Pension payment method is suggested.Privacy is a valid inquiry within the field of law and The Government cannot interfere in the Private Life of the People, Except in Cases of Legal Authorization. One of the examples of Governments’ intervention in people<sup>’</sup>s Privacy, can be seen in article 23 of Family Protection Act. This Article includes the provision that in order to register the marriage in the registry office, the registrar must ask the couple for a medical certificate proving that they are not addicted to drugs and they are not suffering from the Diseases that are the subject of this Article. Also, the text of this Article deems it necessary to prohibit procreation in the presence of Contagious and severe diseases, if the couple wishes to marry. Now The Main Question of this research is that if a couple wants to have children despite the Knowledge of the Spread of the Disease to the Child, are they viable in a civil court? It Seems that According to the literature and concerns, we Can Consider the Civil Liability to be Certain, Because a child born with severe illness will surely suffer many Financial and Spiritual Losses. Appropriate Methods Can be Used for Compensation and at the Same Time, The Pension payment method is suggested.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_103628_a2399053432c0b197c8bb0546b7d9798.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844219220230723Prediction of Morbid Perfectionism (Maximization) Based on Forgiveness, Appreciation and Dependency in Married PeoplePrediction of Morbid Perfectionism (Maximization) Based on Forgiveness, Appreciation and Dependency in Married People32734410353710.48308/JFR.19.2.327FAHoomanNamvarAssistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, SavehNeginJafari SandianiDepartment of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran ،IranJournal Article20221021The purpose of this research is to measure morbid perfectionism (maximization) based on research on forgiveness, gratitude and dependency in married people. The method was a description of the correlation type among the types of prediction methods. The statistical population of the research includes the married people of Tehran, in 2022. For this purpose, 220 people were selected by non-random sampling method, available and voluntarily, and they answered to the Maximization Questionnaire of Schwartz et al., 2002 (MS), Forgiveness Questionnaire of Ehtshamzadeh et al. 2009 (IFI-25), Gratitude Questionnaire of McCullough et al. 2002 (GQ-6) and Interpersonal Dependence Questionnaire of Hirschfield et al. 1997 (BDI). The results obtained from the multiple regression analysis showed that the components of forgiveness, gratitude, and dependence predict a total of 31.55% of maximization at a significance level of p<0.001. Forgiveness components with a beta coefficient equal to 0.189 are significant at the 0.01 level. However, the beta coefficient of appreciation is equal to -0.044, which is not significant, and the beta coefficient of dependence is equal to 0.435, which is significant at the level of 0.01. The results show that the variables of forgiveness, appreciation and dependency predict maximization.<br /> The purpose of this research is to measure morbid perfectionism (maximization) based on research on forgiveness, gratitude and dependency in married people. The method was a description of the correlation type among the types of prediction methods. The statistical population of the research includes the married people of Tehran, in 2022. For this purpose, 220 people were selected by non-random sampling method, available and voluntarily, and they answered to the Maximization Questionnaire of Schwartz et al., 2002 (MS), Forgiveness Questionnaire of Ehtshamzadeh et al. 2009 (IFI-25), Gratitude Questionnaire of McCullough et al. 2002 (GQ-6) and Interpersonal Dependence Questionnaire of Hirschfield et al. 1997 (BDI). The results obtained from the multiple regression analysis showed that the components of forgiveness, gratitude, and dependence predict a total of 31.55% of maximization at a significance level of p<0.001. Forgiveness components with a beta coefficient equal to 0.189 are significant at the 0.01 level. However, the beta coefficient of appreciation is equal to -0.044, which is not significant, and the beta coefficient of dependence is equal to 0.435, which is significant at the level of 0.01. The results show that the variables of forgiveness, appreciation and dependency predict maximization.<br /> https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_103537_701520329dbcbb43472420f1de004e24.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844219220230723Development and Validation of a Systematic Integrated Couple Therapy Package; Based on Four Systematic Approaches with Content Analysis MethodDevelopment and Validation of a Systematic Integrated Couple Therapy Package; Based on Four Systematic Approaches with Content Analysis Method34536110361010.48308/JFR.19.2.345FAZahraMehrjouM.A family counsellor, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranMaryamFafehizadeProfessor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of IsfahanJournal Article20230106The aim of this present study is to develop and validate a couple therapy package based on the systemic family therapy approaches, which consist of a combination of four systemic approaches of Milan, extended family system, structural and strategic. In the package development stage, the qualitative content analysis method was used. For this purpose, the available and accessible materials including books, articles and dissertations were collected through electronic search in valid databases and were designed by content analysis method. Finally, for validation, the evaluations of 5 experts were collected and the relative ratio CVR were calculated. The findings include a couple therapy protocol based on a combination of four systemic approaches that includes eight 90-minute sessions with these topics: 1) integration and focus on the system 2) reciprocal dialogue 3) setting boundaries 4) unbalancing 5) hierarchy of power 6) solving problems related to intimacy or opposition technique 7) prevention of recurrence 8) the end of the treatment Validation of the developed package with a validity ratio of 1 showed that this package can be used in parallel or ahead of other methods in couple therapy sessions by combining systemic approaches.The aim of this present study is to develop and validate a couple therapy package based on the systemic family therapy approaches, which consist of a combination of four systemic approaches of Milan, extended family system, structural and strategic. In the package development stage, the qualitative content analysis method was used. For this purpose, the available and accessible materials including books, articles and dissertations were collected through electronic search in valid databases and were designed by content analysis method. Finally, for validation, the evaluations of 5 experts were collected and the relative ratio CVR were calculated. The findings include a couple therapy protocol based on a combination of four systemic approaches that includes eight 90-minute sessions with these topics: 1) integration and focus on the system 2) reciprocal dialogue 3) setting boundaries 4) unbalancing 5) hierarchy of power 6) solving problems related to intimacy or opposition technique 7) prevention of recurrence 8) the end of the treatment Validation of the developed package with a validity ratio of 1 showed that this package can be used in parallel or ahead of other methods in couple therapy sessions by combining systemic approaches.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_103610_5fc46f50f33ce04322e77c0856c3071a.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844219220230723The Contractual Condition of Limiting the Right to DivorceThe Contractual Condition of Limiting the Right to Divorce36337510353610.48308/JFR.19.2.350FADr MohammadRoshanShahid Beheshti University, Family Research InstituteRambodDomiraniMaster&#039;s degree in family law, Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal Article20221015In positive law influenced by Imamiyyah jurisprudence, the right to divorce belongs to men. However, the ability to divorce without any reason has led to the weakening of the family institution. The question now arises whether it is possible to limit or prohibit the right to divorce through a marriage agreement or other contracts. Using the analytical descriptive method, this research examines both the perspectives and evidences of those who argue against the validity of such restrictions and those who endorse them. The legitimacy of contractual limitations on the right to divorce is established by this article according to verses of Holy Qur'an, hadiths, and jurisprudential principles such as the principle of "<em>La-Zarar</em>," justice, the principle of family protection, and freedom of contract. Furthermore, the context of the revelation of the Holy Qur'an and the principle of prevention of abusing the right to divorce are analyzed. As such, it is considered legitimate for a husband to undertake a binding condition that restricts his right to divorce. Such a term may specify that the husband cannot divorce his wife except under certain circumstances, including impotency or disobedience.In positive law influenced by Imamiyyah jurisprudence, the right to divorce belongs to men. However, the ability to divorce without any reason has led to the weakening of the family institution. The question now arises whether it is possible to limit or prohibit the right to divorce through a marriage agreement or other contracts. Using the analytical descriptive method, this research examines both the perspectives and evidences of those who argue against the validity of such restrictions and those who endorse them. The legitimacy of contractual limitations on the right to divorce is established by this article according to verses of Holy Qur'an, hadiths, and jurisprudential principles such as the principle of "<em>La-Zarar</em>," justice, the principle of family protection, and freedom of contract. Furthermore, the context of the revelation of the Holy Qur'an and the principle of prevention of abusing the right to divorce are analyzed. As such, it is considered legitimate for a husband to undertake a binding condition that restricts his right to divorce. Such a term may specify that the husband cannot divorce his wife except under certain circumstances, including impotency or disobedience.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_103536_24f49de8943474813694ca79e4da62a1.pdf