Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 13 1 2017 08 23 The Relationship between Family Functioning and Identity Styles: The Mediating Role of Ego Strength The Relationship between Family Functioning and Identity Styles: The Mediating Role of Ego Strength 7 24 97543 FA Mohammad Ali Besharat Tehran University Roza Shafiei Tehran University Abas Rahiminezhad Tehran University Journal Article 2015 05 20 Identity style is a set of exploration, evaluation and decision making strategies that individuals use in their lives. The present study was performed to examine the mediating role of ego strength in the relationship of family functioning and identity styles among third and fourth grade school students. Two hundred and thirty seven students (123 boys, 114 girls) from various educational fields participated in this study. Participants completed the Identity Styles Inventory, Family Assessment Device, and Ego Strength Scale. The results demonstrated that perceived family functioning and ego strength had significant positive associations with informational and normative identity styles (p< .01). Perceived family functioning had a significant negative association with diffuse/avoidant identity style (p< .01). The results of path analysis showed that ego strength had a mediating role in the relationships between perceived family functioning and informational identity style. According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the relationship between family functioning and identity styles is not a simple linear one. This is partly mediated by some personality characteristics such as ego strength. Identity style is a set of exploration, evaluation and decision making strategies that individuals use in their lives. The present study was performed to examine the mediating role of ego strength in the relationship of family functioning and identity styles among third and fourth grade school students. Two hundred and thirty seven students (123 boys, 114 girls) from various educational fields participated in this study. Participants completed the Identity Styles Inventory, Family Assessment Device, and Ego Strength Scale. The results demonstrated that perceived family functioning and ego strength had significant positive associations with informational and normative identity styles (p< .01). Perceived family functioning had a significant negative association with diffuse/avoidant identity style (p< .01). The results of path analysis showed that ego strength had a mediating role in the relationships between perceived family functioning and informational identity style. According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the relationship between family functioning and identity styles is not a simple linear one. This is partly mediated by some personality characteristics such as ego strength. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97543_a5d7719770c2cffc53eda281df1b6a28.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 13 1 2017 08 23 Relationship of Parenting Styles and Offspring’s Perceived Childhood Traumas with their Attachment Styles in Adulthood Relationship of Parenting Styles and Offspring’s Perceived Childhood Traumas with their Attachment Styles in Adulthood 25 45 97532 FA Mahsa Akbarian FirouzAbadi Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University Ali Bahari Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University Shahram Mohammadkhani Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University Journal Article 2016 12 21 Various studies on attachment show that child-caregiver interaction and caregiver’s reaction to child have momentous role in formation of child’s attachment. The aim of this study was to explain the intergenerational transmission cycle of attachment styles. In this regard the effect of parenting styles and childhood traumas on children’s attachment styles was investigated. This study is an ex post facto with causal design, and 175 Iranian available students were selected from Kharazmi University, Tehran University and Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Participants completed the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Adult Attachment Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, mediation analysis, and path analysis. The results indicated that different parenting styles lead to different attachment styles in children. Our results supported the relationship between parent’s care and over-protection factors with avoidance index of attachment, while no significant relationship was observed between these two factors with anxiety index. Moreover, perceived emotional abuse had a mediator roll in the relationship between parenting components and avoidance index of attachment. Finally, we achieved a model of simultaneous effects of two care and control factors on avoidance index, which is mediated by the perceived childhood trauma. Various studies on attachment show that child-caregiver interaction and caregiver’s reaction to child have momentous role in formation of child’s attachment. The aim of this study was to explain the intergenerational transmission cycle of attachment styles. In this regard the effect of parenting styles and childhood traumas on children’s attachment styles was investigated. This study is an ex post facto with causal design, and 175 Iranian available students were selected from Kharazmi University, Tehran University and Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Participants completed the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Adult Attachment Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, mediation analysis, and path analysis. The results indicated that different parenting styles lead to different attachment styles in children. Our results supported the relationship between parent’s care and over-protection factors with avoidance index of attachment, while no significant relationship was observed between these two factors with anxiety index. Moreover, perceived emotional abuse had a mediator roll in the relationship between parenting components and avoidance index of attachment. Finally, we achieved a model of simultaneous effects of two care and control factors on avoidance index, which is mediated by the perceived childhood trauma. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97532_9fd78638a335cd15294c404f1bf284bc.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 13 1 2017 08 23 The Viewpoints of Iranian Mothers on Child-Parent Co-Sleeping: A Qualitative Study Based on the Culture-Approached Theory of Developmental Niche The Viewpoints of Iranian Mothers on Child-Parent Co-Sleeping: A Qualitative Study Based on the Culture-Approached Theory of Developmental Niche 47 66 97535 FA Shohre Rahimian Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad Rahele Maddah Shourche Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad Zahra Tabibi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad Journal Article 2016 03 04 This study investigates the attitude of mothers towards the phenomenon of co-sleeping, based on Super and Harkens’s Developmental Niche Theory. Semi-structured interviews were administered with 13 mothers of at least one 3 to 6 years old child, in two groups of co-sleepers and separate sleepers. Qualitative and phenomenological approach and Colaizzi method of analysis was used. Data were categorized based on the sub-systems of Niche theory. In socio-physical situation subsystem the role of siblings and frequent absence of the father or his agreement were mentioned as reason for Co-sleeping. In both culturally regulated customs of child care and the psychology of the caretakers subsystems, despite believing in the role of co-sleeping in affectional relationships, the separate-sleeper mothers committed to set their child sleep in child’s room in order to achieve independency and reduce the fear of loneliness. Both groups mentioned the effects of being concerned about child awareness of sexual relationships and the effect of child’s temperament on the way of sleeping. In order to form a strong affectional relationship, parents believe that co-sleeping until the end of breast-feeding and sometimes until preschool seems to be necessary. Parents’ tendency to separate the child in preschool age is due to reducing dependency and preventing early awareness of sexual relationships. In general, mothers do not consider co-sleeping up to preschool years as unusual. This study investigates the attitude of mothers towards the phenomenon of co-sleeping, based on Super and Harkens’s Developmental Niche Theory. Semi-structured interviews were administered with 13 mothers of at least one 3 to 6 years old child, in two groups of co-sleepers and separate sleepers. Qualitative and phenomenological approach and Colaizzi method of analysis was used. Data were categorized based on the sub-systems of Niche theory. In socio-physical situation subsystem the role of siblings and frequent absence of the father or his agreement were mentioned as reason for Co-sleeping. In both culturally regulated customs of child care and the psychology of the caretakers subsystems, despite believing in the role of co-sleeping in affectional relationships, the separate-sleeper mothers committed to set their child sleep in child’s room in order to achieve independency and reduce the fear of loneliness. Both groups mentioned the effects of being concerned about child awareness of sexual relationships and the effect of child’s temperament on the way of sleeping. In order to form a strong affectional relationship, parents believe that co-sleeping until the end of breast-feeding and sometimes until preschool seems to be necessary. Parents’ tendency to separate the child in preschool age is due to reducing dependency and preventing early awareness of sexual relationships. In general, mothers do not consider co-sleeping up to preschool years as unusual. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97535_ff2d5c151d79b707e4ca296e5d7ff06f.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 13 1 2017 08 23 Effectiveness of ACT-Based Parenting Training to Mothers on the Depression of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Single Subject Study Effectiveness of ACT-Based Parenting Training to Mothers on the Depression of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Single Subject Study 67 89 97538 FA Mohammad Saleh Faghihi Department of psycology , Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Mohammad Bagher Kajbaf Psychology Department, Isfahan university, Isfahan Journal Article 2016 12 13 The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Parenting Training based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to mothers on the depression of children with cleft lip and palate. The research method was based on a single case and individual intervention study. The sample was constituted of 65 Isfahanian children with cleft lip and palate. Parenting skills based on ACT were taught to five mothers of children with cleft lip and palate who achieved the minimum score in screening. After three baseline sessions for each child, ACT parenting skills were taught to their mothers in 8 individual sessions companied with testing the child’s depression in every session. Three follow-up sessions after 15 days, 1 month and 3 months were set to evaluate children’s depression. The Kovacs Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to test the children’s depression. The results were analyzed with visual analysis and descriptive statistics. This particular intervention was effective on depression. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that ACT parenting training to mothers of children with cleft lips and palates was effective on reducing depression and that an on-time intervention can improve these children's depression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Parenting Training based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to mothers on the depression of children with cleft lip and palate. The research method was based on a single case and individual intervention study. The sample was constituted of 65 Isfahanian children with cleft lip and palate. Parenting skills based on ACT were taught to five mothers of children with cleft lip and palate who achieved the minimum score in screening. After three baseline sessions for each child, ACT parenting skills were taught to their mothers in 8 individual sessions companied with testing the child’s depression in every session. Three follow-up sessions after 15 days, 1 month and 3 months were set to evaluate children’s depression. The Kovacs Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to test the children’s depression. The results were analyzed with visual analysis and descriptive statistics. This particular intervention was effective on depression. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that ACT parenting training to mothers of children with cleft lips and palates was effective on reducing depression and that an on-time intervention can improve these children's depression. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97538_092817bf3dd59a42f94392d1e880067b.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 13 1 2017 08 23 The Factor Structure and Validity of the Persian Version of the Baumrind Parenting Style Inventory The Factor Structure and Validity of the Persian Version of the Baumrind Parenting Style Inventory 91 108 97546 FA Asghar Minaei Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran Sepideh Nikzad Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Education, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran Journal Article 2016 08 21 In this study, the factor structure and validity of the Persian version of the Baumrind parenting style inventory were evaluated among 576 mothers of elementary school students in Tehran who had been selected through multistage cluster sampling method. This study is, due to its subject and purposes a descriptive study based on psychometric methods. The factor structure of the inventory was tested by AMOS software based on the fitting and modification indicators in the confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that all items of the parenting style inventory except the items of 24, 8, 13, 18, assess the previously determined factors of the inventory, and that the inventory’s questions have a relatively good validity. Also, stratified alpha was used to calculate the reliability of the whole inventory, and Guttman coefficient was utilized to calculate the reliability of subscales. The outcomes indicated that the inventory and its subscales possess a relatively good reliability. In this study, the factor structure and validity of the Persian version of the Baumrind parenting style inventory were evaluated among 576 mothers of elementary school students in Tehran who had been selected through multistage cluster sampling method. This study is, due to its subject and purposes a descriptive study based on psychometric methods. The factor structure of the inventory was tested by AMOS software based on the fitting and modification indicators in the confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that all items of the parenting style inventory except the items of 24, 8, 13, 18, assess the previously determined factors of the inventory, and that the inventory’s questions have a relatively good validity. Also, stratified alpha was used to calculate the reliability of the whole inventory, and Guttman coefficient was utilized to calculate the reliability of subscales. The outcomes indicated that the inventory and its subscales possess a relatively good reliability. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97546_9eb2bbc64fa75b3089a4c4d73f51bcd3.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 13 1 2017 08 23 A Theoretical Explanation of Marital Conflicts by Paradigmatic Approach A Theoretical Explanation of Marital Conflicts by Paradigmatic Approach 109 130 97523 FA Esmaeil Jahani Dolatabad Literature and Humanities Faculty, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil Journal Article 2016 05 26 Due to the economic, social and cultural changes in recent decades and consequently alterations in the form and duties of families and expectations of individuals from marriage, the institution of the family and marriage are enormously involved with different challenges and conflicts in comparison to past years. Fragile marital relationships, conflicts and divorce are results of such situations in Iran. Accordingly, the present study, which is designed through meta-analysis and deduction based on the concept analysis and reconceptualization of recent studies, has committed to manifest a proper different paradigm to explain marital conflicts. This paradigm is relying on various theoretical approaches, particularly the theory of symbolic interactionism as the main explanatory mean, and also applying the concept of “Marital Paradigm” as the missing information in previous studies of this field. It explains the marital conflicts between couples as paradigmatic conflicts; and its main idea is that marital conflict is not the result of one or more fixed and specified factors, but it is the production of encountering the opposing (or different) paradigms. Due to the economic, social and cultural changes in recent decades and consequently alterations in the form and duties of families and expectations of individuals from marriage, the institution of the family and marriage are enormously involved with different challenges and conflicts in comparison to past years. Fragile marital relationships, conflicts and divorce are results of such situations in Iran. Accordingly, the present study, which is designed through meta-analysis and deduction based on the concept analysis and reconceptualization of recent studies, has committed to manifest a proper different paradigm to explain marital conflicts. This paradigm is relying on various theoretical approaches, particularly the theory of symbolic interactionism as the main explanatory mean, and also applying the concept of “Marital Paradigm” as the missing information in previous studies of this field. It explains the marital conflicts between couples as paradigmatic conflicts; and its main idea is that marital conflict is not the result of one or more fixed and specified factors, but it is the production of encountering the opposing (or different) paradigms. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97523_a8d96d393d004da90e23ead3bc98fdb1.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 13 1 2017 08 23 Personal Constructs of Betrayed Spouses’ Understanding of Forgiveness Personal Constructs of Betrayed Spouses’ Understanding of Forgiveness 131 152 97526 FA Ali Reza Rafeie Department of Psychology, Education & Psychology Faculty, Isfahan University, Isfahan Mehrdad Kalantari Department of Psychology, Education & Psychology Faculty, Isfahan University, Isfahan Hamid Taher Neshat Doost Department of Psychology, Education & Psychology Faculty, Isfahan University, Isfahan Hamid Reza Oreyzi Department of Psychology, Education & Psychology Faculty, Isfahan University, Isfahan Journal Article 2016 09 24 The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical framework and a paradigmatic model of forgiveness based on personal constructs of betrayed couples in their lives. For this purpose, qualitative methodology and grounded theory was used. Through purposive sampling and after conducting 20 deep interviews with participants including 13 females and 7 males referred to several counseling centers in Isfahan, theoretical saturation was reached. Participants were people whose spouses (male or female) committed infidelity but they had forgiven their transgression. To achieve theoretical framework a three-stages coding was conducted. More than 170 significant statements, 34 subcategories, 14 major categories and a core category with the title of "forgiveness as a humanistic, spiritual, social, purposeful and rational representation to keep marriage in a benefit-seeking template" were extracted. This theoretical framework suggests that fear of being unforgiven causes more injuries and forgiveness provides the most desirable and inevitable strategy for solving individual and family problems. By presenting and displaying a humanistic, spiritual, rational and purposeful forgiveness, forgiving partners invest in saving and preserving their marriage. The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical framework and a paradigmatic model of forgiveness based on personal constructs of betrayed couples in their lives. For this purpose, qualitative methodology and grounded theory was used. Through purposive sampling and after conducting 20 deep interviews with participants including 13 females and 7 males referred to several counseling centers in Isfahan, theoretical saturation was reached. Participants were people whose spouses (male or female) committed infidelity but they had forgiven their transgression. To achieve theoretical framework a three-stages coding was conducted. More than 170 significant statements, 34 subcategories, 14 major categories and a core category with the title of "forgiveness as a humanistic, spiritual, social, purposeful and rational representation to keep marriage in a benefit-seeking template" were extracted. This theoretical framework suggests that fear of being unforgiven causes more injuries and forgiveness provides the most desirable and inevitable strategy for solving individual and family problems. By presenting and displaying a humanistic, spiritual, rational and purposeful forgiveness, forgiving partners invest in saving and preserving their marriage. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97526_9f43e9751fac58b5fe4efa1e553614ab.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Family Research 1735-8442 13 1 2017 08 23 Evaluating the Model of Relationship between Family of Origin and Marital Satisfaction with Mediator Role of Insecure Attachment Dimensions in Nurses Evaluating the Model of Relationship between Family of Origin and Marital Satisfaction with Mediator Role of Insecure Attachment Dimensions in Nurses 153 169 97529 FA Gholam Reza Rajabi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational and Psychological, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Rezvan Kord Azizpour Mohammadi Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational and Psychological, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Manoochehr Taghipoor Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational and Psychological, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Journal Article 2016 08 04 The purpose of the current research was to evaluate the model of insecure attachment dimensions as mediators of the relationship between family of origin and marital satisfaction among married female nurses in Ahvaz. This research is a descriptive-correlational study. One hundred ninety eight married female nurses were selected based on the including and excluding criteria among volunteer nurses from hospitals of Ahvaz city, who completed the Family of Origin Scale, Marital Satisfaction Scales, and Experiences in Close Relationship Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and concurrent hierarchical regression analysis methods. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there were significant positive relationship between family of origin with marital satisfaction, and significant negative correlations between insecure attachment dimensions (anxious and avoidant) with marital satisfaction (p < 0.05). Also, hierarchical regression analysis by Baron and Kenny method and Sobel test showed that insecure attachment dimensions (anxious and avoidant) are negative mediators between family of origin and marital satisfaction. The purpose of the current research was to evaluate the model of insecure attachment dimensions as mediators of the relationship between family of origin and marital satisfaction among married female nurses in Ahvaz. This research is a descriptive-correlational study. One hundred ninety eight married female nurses were selected based on the including and excluding criteria among volunteer nurses from hospitals of Ahvaz city, who completed the Family of Origin Scale, Marital Satisfaction Scales, and Experiences in Close Relationship Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and concurrent hierarchical regression analysis methods. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there were significant positive relationship between family of origin with marital satisfaction, and significant negative correlations between insecure attachment dimensions (anxious and avoidant) with marital satisfaction (p < 0.05). Also, hierarchical regression analysis by Baron and Kenny method and Sobel test showed that insecure attachment dimensions (anxious and avoidant) are negative mediators between family of origin and marital satisfaction. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97529_2bac7414abebcdaf1e566a87b047312a.pdf