Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844210120140723Marriage From the Perspective of Economics of LawMarriage From the Perspective of Economics of Law72996683FAAliTazikinejadQom Mofid UniversityJafarShafihi SardashtShahid Beheshti UniversityEsmaeilShamsyanSemnan UniversityJournal Article20151209Marriage law, as part of general pattern of family, is a policy instrument that defines optimal behavioral standards for matrimonial relationship through ordaining sanctions. Imposing such standards regardless of their consequences may result in anxiety in the family institution and subsequently in the society itself and may raise the motivation of defensive behaviors among people and as a result will increase the cost of legislative and judicial system. Economic approach to the marriage law with analyzing aftermath of laws on couple's behavior is looking for minimizing marriage costs including couple, society and judiciary system costs, and maximizing the cost of its inefficient breach. Incentive role of family law and its supplements, such as labor laws, tax and employment affairs etc., on the rate of marriage and divorce, the amount of dowry and other couple's decisions is a topic that economics of family law is recently very focused on. This article, in the form of “contract” and “market” and by using of concepts including costs, benefits, efficiency, competition and monopolywill present the economic analysis of marriage and other related legal concepts and is to introduce a new approach to Iranian family legislators and judges.Marriage law, as part of general pattern of family, is a policy instrument that defines optimal behavioral standards for matrimonial relationship through ordaining sanctions. Imposing such standards regardless of their consequences may result in anxiety in the family institution and subsequently in the society itself and may raise the motivation of defensive behaviors among people and as a result will increase the cost of legislative and judicial system. Economic approach to the marriage law with analyzing aftermath of laws on couple's behavior is looking for minimizing marriage costs including couple, society and judiciary system costs, and maximizing the cost of its inefficient breach. Incentive role of family law and its supplements, such as labor laws, tax and employment affairs etc., on the rate of marriage and divorce, the amount of dowry and other couple's decisions is a topic that economics of family law is recently very focused on. This article, in the form of “contract” and “market” and by using of concepts including costs, benefits, efficiency, competition and monopolywill present the economic analysis of marriage and other related legal concepts and is to introduce a new approach to Iranian family legislators and judges.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96683_bcf0e0bbdc0e45f20e6e53127a99cbbd.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844210120140723The Marriage Protective Factors in Married People With Risk FactorsThe Marriage Protective Factors in Married People With Risk Factors314596667FASheydaKhalediShahid Beheshti UniversityFereshtehMootabiShahid Beheshti UniversityTaghiPourebrahimShahid Beheshti UniversityFatemehBagheryanShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal Article20151209This study was conducted to investigate the marriage protective factors in married people with risk factors. The method of this study is qualityative. In this study the researcher-made risk factor check list and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (115-item test) were used. to select the sample group, Risk Factor Check List and Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire were distributed among 100 men and 100 women who had been married for at least 3 years. Among these 200 individuals, 22 people with high risk factors and marital satisfaction were screened. Data reached saturation through Interviewing 18 people. Protective factors based on their frequencies include: relationship, personality traits, skills, adjustment, out-side factors, religion, and beliefs. Each of these protective factors includes several primary components. Some of the components such as respect, desirable sexual relation and commitment have important role in protecting marriage. In addition, some other factors, such as contentment, not being jealous of otherpeople’s lives, accepting the current life situation, were mentioned that seem to be specific to Iranian culture. There was no significant difference between men and women choosing protective factors. There was however a significant difference between men and women in some of the mentioned components.This study was conducted to investigate the marriage protective factors in married people with risk factors. The method of this study is qualityative. In this study the researcher-made risk factor check list and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (115-item test) were used. to select the sample group, Risk Factor Check List and Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire were distributed among 100 men and 100 women who had been married for at least 3 years. Among these 200 individuals, 22 people with high risk factors and marital satisfaction were screened. Data reached saturation through Interviewing 18 people. Protective factors based on their frequencies include: relationship, personality traits, skills, adjustment, out-side factors, religion, and beliefs. Each of these protective factors includes several primary components. Some of the components such as respect, desirable sexual relation and commitment have important role in protecting marriage. In addition, some other factors, such as contentment, not being jealous of otherpeople’s lives, accepting the current life situation, were mentioned that seem to be specific to Iranian culture. There was no significant difference between men and women choosing protective factors. There was however a significant difference between men and women in some of the mentioned components.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96667_49d787577c04d462f24e701abe1ea676.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844210120140723Propertiness and Transferability of EmbryoPropertiness and Transferability of Embryo476396672FASeyed MohammadAzinTehran UniversitySeyed AliAzinResearch Training Center of Tehran UniversityJournal Article20151209Approval of “Embryo Donation Act 2003” inducted the expression of “Embryo Donation” in our legal literature and formally legitimized this kind of Assisted Reproductive Treatment. This article aims at studying legal and ethical legitimacy of embryo donation through legal and juridical evaluation of properties’ transferability. What justifies the necessity of this study is that if we consider “embryo donation” as a real donation, it shall comply with general conditions of properties’ transferability, since “donation” is a legal act which is basically governed by general legal rules and one of these rules is the necessity of being as property and the transferability of transaction’s subject Furthermore, considering embryo as property could solve the matter of commercialization of artificial insemination. However, first, we have to ask whether it is ethical to count a potential human being as a property. Why do not we legitimize “embryo transfer” instead of “embryo donation” in order to get rid of dissoluble challenges of its recognition as a “legal act”? Is not it the best way to identify “embryo transfer” as a “legal rule” authorized by the parliament? This article suggests the basis of “legal rule” as the headstone of embryo transfer’s legitimacy.Approval of “Embryo Donation Act 2003” inducted the expression of “Embryo Donation” in our legal literature and formally legitimized this kind of Assisted Reproductive Treatment. This article aims at studying legal and ethical legitimacy of embryo donation through legal and juridical evaluation of properties’ transferability. What justifies the necessity of this study is that if we consider “embryo donation” as a real donation, it shall comply with general conditions of properties’ transferability, since “donation” is a legal act which is basically governed by general legal rules and one of these rules is the necessity of being as property and the transferability of transaction’s subject Furthermore, considering embryo as property could solve the matter of commercialization of artificial insemination. However, first, we have to ask whether it is ethical to count a potential human being as a property. Why do not we legitimize “embryo transfer” instead of “embryo donation” in order to get rid of dissoluble challenges of its recognition as a “legal act”? Is not it the best way to identify “embryo transfer” as a “legal rule” authorized by the parliament? This article suggests the basis of “legal rule” as the headstone of embryo transfer’s legitimacy.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96672_fb244e88b64621fea5804d27c53ce58f.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844210120140723Predicting Children's Integrative Self-Knowledge in Terms of Parenting Characteristics of ParentsPredicting Children's Integrative Self-Knowledge in Terms of Parenting Characteristics of Parents657896678FAMohammad AliBesharatTehran UniversitySaiedehBazzazianIslamic Azad University, Abhar BranchNimaGhorbaniTehran UniversityMahsa SadatAsghariTehran UniversityJournal Article20151209The relationship between parenting characteristics of parents and children's integrative self-knowledge was investigated in the present study. The aim was to examine the predictive power of children's integrative self-knowledge in terms of parenting characteristics of involvement, autonomy support, and warmth in a sample of students. A total of 352 undergraduate students (142 males, 210 females) from University of Tehran were included in this study. Participants were asked to complete the Perception of Parents Scale (PPS) and the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISKS). Perceived autonomy support and perceived warmth showed a significant positive association with integrative self-knowledge. Regression analysis revealed that perceived autonomy support and perceived warmth can predict changes of integrative self-knowledge, respectively. It can be concluded that parenting characteristics of parents can influence children's integrative self-knowledge in different ways and possibly through different mechanisms. These characteristic are also influenced by cultural variables.The relationship between parenting characteristics of parents and children's integrative self-knowledge was investigated in the present study. The aim was to examine the predictive power of children's integrative self-knowledge in terms of parenting characteristics of involvement, autonomy support, and warmth in a sample of students. A total of 352 undergraduate students (142 males, 210 females) from University of Tehran were included in this study. Participants were asked to complete the Perception of Parents Scale (PPS) and the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISKS). Perceived autonomy support and perceived warmth showed a significant positive association with integrative self-knowledge. Regression analysis revealed that perceived autonomy support and perceived warmth can predict changes of integrative self-knowledge, respectively. It can be concluded that parenting characteristics of parents can influence children's integrative self-knowledge in different ways and possibly through different mechanisms. These characteristic are also influenced by cultural variables.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96678_79037af60acca27e0ebe11ddf2fd6614.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844210120140723Intergenerational Transmission of Family Factors: Parenting Styles, Attachment Styles & Family ClimateIntergenerational Transmission of Family Factors: Parenting Styles, Attachment Styles & Family Climate799796685FAMir Mohammad BagherAzad MoosaviKhoy Payam Noor UniversityMohammad RezaJalaliImam Khomeini UniversityJournal Article20151209This research aimed to examine the relationship between parental styles (authoritative, permissive, authoritarian and neglectful), attachment styles (secure, avoidant and ambivalent) & family climate (hot and cold) of two generations. Subjects were 220 (110 boy students of third class of secondary schools of two districts of Qazvin, and 110 parents) who were selected via cluster sampling. In this study, Schaffer,s parenting questionnaires styles (Naqashian, 1358) and Collins and Read,s attachment (Collins & Read, 1990) were used as measures for collecting required data. Analyzes were carried out using simple linear regression, pearson correlation and chi-square. Results revealed that parenting styles, attachment styles and family climate of parents, predict same variables in children as second generation.This research aimed to examine the relationship between parental styles (authoritative, permissive, authoritarian and neglectful), attachment styles (secure, avoidant and ambivalent) & family climate (hot and cold) of two generations. Subjects were 220 (110 boy students of third class of secondary schools of two districts of Qazvin, and 110 parents) who were selected via cluster sampling. In this study, Schaffer,s parenting questionnaires styles (Naqashian, 1358) and Collins and Read,s attachment (Collins & Read, 1990) were used as measures for collecting required data. Analyzes were carried out using simple linear regression, pearson correlation and chi-square. Results revealed that parenting styles, attachment styles and family climate of parents, predict same variables in children as second generation.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96685_06d4214811c1e5e3a960a2bd734a2c89.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844210120140723The Relationship Between Family Functionning and Psychological Needs with Adolescents’ mental HealthThe Relationship Between Family Functionning and Psychological Needs with Adolescents’ mental Health9911196689FAAbbasRahiminezhadTehran UniversityMohsenPaknejadResearch Training Center of Tehran UniversityJournal Article20151209The family and its function as a social institution has an important role in children’s psychological development. The Aim of this study is to investigate the relations of family functioning and the level of psychological basic needs of adolescents with their mental health. Research design is descriptive -correlational and the sample has been recruited from four military areas in Tehran city via simple random sampling method. A total number of 200 families with their youth (14 to 22 year old) completed three questionnaires: Family Assessment Device (FAD), Psychological Needs Questionnaire (PNQ), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The resultsindicate that there are significant correlations between family functionig subscales and mental health of their adolescences. Other finding show that low family functioning has negative correlation with psychological basic needs (including three subscales: competence, autonomy, and relatedness)of adolescents. We discuss the results in the light of previous findings and provide suggestions to improve family function.The family and its function as a social institution has an important role in children’s psychological development. The Aim of this study is to investigate the relations of family functioning and the level of psychological basic needs of adolescents with their mental health. Research design is descriptive -correlational and the sample has been recruited from four military areas in Tehran city via simple random sampling method. A total number of 200 families with their youth (14 to 22 year old) completed three questionnaires: Family Assessment Device (FAD), Psychological Needs Questionnaire (PNQ), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The resultsindicate that there are significant correlations between family functionig subscales and mental health of their adolescences. Other finding show that low family functioning has negative correlation with psychological basic needs (including three subscales: competence, autonomy, and relatedness)of adolescents. We discuss the results in the light of previous findings and provide suggestions to improve family function.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96689_90bf06c42d250ffe76e57d091c7c44ce.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Family Research1735-844210120140723The Mediator Relationship/Effect of Subsets of Applied Parenting Styles and Self ـ Efficacy on Psychological Well ـ Being in AdolescentsThe Mediator Relationship/Effect of Subsets of Applied Parenting Styles and Self ـ Efficacy on Psychological Well ـ Being in Adolescents11312696657FALidaMalekzadeShahid Beheshti UniversityMahmudHeidariShahid Beheshti UniversityShahlaPakdamanShahid Beheshti UniversityKarinehTahmassianShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal Article20151209The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the moderator relationship of dimensions of parenting styles and self-efficacy with psychological wellbeing in teenagers. The statical population of this study is all female students in first grade of high school in Tehran.Four hundred and fifty students were selected through cluster sampling method form 5 areas (north, south, west, east and center) in Tehran. For measuring the factors in this study parenting styles (Shiffer,1965), psychological wellbeing scale (ryff, 1989) and self-efficacy scale (Sherer & Adams, 1982) were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and path analysis. Results show that the moderator effect of self-efficacy and perceived Acceptance-Rejection significantly predict psychological wellbeing and subscales of Environmental mastery, Personal growth, Positive relations with others, Purpose in life and Self- acceptance. Self-efficacy and perceived demandingness-Freedom, separately and significantly predicts subscale of Autonomy. In conclusion, results show that the moderator effect of self-efficacy and perceived Acceptance-Rejection and the moderator effect of self-efficacy and perceived demandingness-Freedom significantly predicts subscale of self-acceptance. In subscale of positive relations with others, in addition to the moderator effect between self-efficacy and perceived Acceptance-Rejection, these later two variables separately are significant predictor variables.The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the moderator relationship of dimensions of parenting styles and self-efficacy with psychological wellbeing in teenagers. The statical population of this study is all female students in first grade of high school in Tehran.Four hundred and fifty students were selected through cluster sampling method form 5 areas (north, south, west, east and center) in Tehran. For measuring the factors in this study parenting styles (Shiffer,1965), psychological wellbeing scale (ryff, 1989) and self-efficacy scale (Sherer & Adams, 1982) were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and path analysis. Results show that the moderator effect of self-efficacy and perceived Acceptance-Rejection significantly predict psychological wellbeing and subscales of Environmental mastery, Personal growth, Positive relations with others, Purpose in life and Self- acceptance. Self-efficacy and perceived demandingness-Freedom, separately and significantly predicts subscale of Autonomy. In conclusion, results show that the moderator effect of self-efficacy and perceived Acceptance-Rejection and the moderator effect of self-efficacy and perceived demandingness-Freedom significantly predicts subscale of self-acceptance. In subscale of positive relations with others, in addition to the moderator effect between self-efficacy and perceived Acceptance-Rejection, these later two variables separately are significant predictor variables.https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_96657_05934f53a65d5356137ca46f5752dd1c.pdf