رابطه بین کنش‌وری ادراک شده خانواده و سبک‌های هویت: نقش واسطه‌ای استحکام من

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

سبک هویت مجموعه‌ای از راهبردهای جست‌وجو، ارزیابی و تصمیم‌گیری‌هایی است که افراد در زندگی استفاده می‌کنند. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، مطالعه نقش واسطه‌ای استحکام من در رابطه بین کنش‌وری ادراک شده خانواده و سبک‌های هویت در نمونه‌ای از دانش‌آموزان دبیرستانی بود. تعداد 237 دانش‌آموز (123 پسر، 114 دختر) از رشته‌های مختلف مقطع دبیرستان در این پژوهش شرکت کردند. شرکت‌کنندگان مقیاس‌های سبک‌های هویت، سنجش خانواده و استحکام من را تکمیل کردند. نتایج نشان داد که کنش‌وری ادراک شده خانواده با استحکام من و سبک‌های اطلاعاتی و هنجاری هویت همبستگی مثبت معنادار (01/0P <) دارد. کنش‌وری ادراک شده خانواده و استحکام من با سبک هویت اجتنابی/ سردرگم همبستگی منفی معنادار (01/0P <) داشتند. نتایج تحلیل مسیر نیز نشان داد که استحکام من در رابطه بین کنش‌وری ادراک شده خانواده و سبک هویت اطلاعاتی نقش واسطه‌ای دارد. بر اساس یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که رابطه بین کنش‌وری خانواده و سبک‌های هویت من فرزندان یک رابطه ساده نیست. این رابطه تا حدودی از طریق نقش واسطه‌ای بعضی از ویژگی‌های شخصیتی، مثل استحکام من، شکل می‌گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Relationship between Family Functioning and Identity Styles: The Mediating Role of Ego Strength

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Ali Besharat
  • Roza Shafiei
  • Abas Rahiminezhad
Tehran University
چکیده [English]

Identity style is a set of exploration, evaluation and decision making strategies that individuals use in their lives. The present study was performed to examine the mediating role of ego strength in the relationship of family functioning and identity styles among third and fourth grade school students. Two hundred and thirty seven students (123 boys, 114 girls) from various educational fields participated in this study. Participants completed the Identity Styles Inventory, Family Assessment Device, and Ego Strength Scale. The results demonstrated that perceived family functioning and ego strength had significant positive associations with informational and normative identity styles (p< .01). Perceived family functioning had a significant negative association with diffuse/avoidant identity style (p< .01). The results of path analysis showed that ego strength had a mediating role in the relationships between perceived family functioning and informational identity style. According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the relationship between family functioning and identity styles is not a simple linear one. This is partly mediated by some personality characteristics such as ego strength.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Family- Ego Strength- Identity
  1. امانی، ر. و مجذوبی، م. ر. (1388). پیش‌بینی سبک‌های هویت بر اساس سبک‌های دلبستگی. دو فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی دانشگاه شاهد، 5، 24-13.
  2. بشارت، م. ع. (1386). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس استحکام من. گزارش پژوهشی، دانشگاه تهران.
  3. بشارت، م. ع. (1395). ساخت و درستی‌آزمایی مقیاس استحکام من: یک مطالعه مقدماتی. مجله علوم روان‌شناختی، 60، 467-445.
  4. بشارت، م. ع.، زاهدی تجریشی، ک. و نوربالا، ا. ع. (1392). مقایسه ناگویی هیجانی و راهبردهای تنظیم هیجان در بیماران جسمانی‌سازی، بیماران اضطرابی و افراد عادی. روان‌شناسی معاصر، 16، 13-3.
  5. پورابراهیم، ت.، حیدری، ج. و خوش‌کنش، ا. (1390). رابطه شیوه فرزندپروری با سبک‌های هویت‌یابی و گرایش به مشاغل در نوجوانان. فصلنامه مشاوره شغلی و سازمانی، 8، 24-11.
  6. رحیمی‌نژاد، ع.، یزدانی ورزنه، م. ج.، امانی، ح. و فراهانی، ح. (1389). بررسی ویژگی‌های سنجشی نسخه چهارم پرسش‌نامه سبک‌های هویت (ISI-4). مجله علوم روان‌شناختی، 36، 405-418.
  7. فرزانه‌خو، م.، یارمحمدیان، ا. و مولوی، ح. (1388). تأثیر عملکرد کلی خانواده بر وضعیت هویت دانش‌آموزان. مجله علوم رفتاری. 2، 135-142.
  8. محمدی‌زاده، ع. و ملک خسروی، غ. (1385). بررسی مقدماتی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی و اعتباریابی مقیاس سنجش کارکرد خانواده (FAD)، فصلنامه خانواده‌پژوهی، 5، 69- 89.
  9. هومن، ح. ع. (1386). شناخت روش علمی در علوم رفتاری. تهران: نشر سمت.
  10. Adams, G. R., & Shea, J. A. (2001). The structure of identity status in adolescence and youth. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 136-144.
  11. Amani, R., & Majzobi, M. R. (2009). [Predicting identity styles according to attachment Styles]. Daneshvar Raftar, 5, 13-24 [in Persian].
  12. Arseth, A., Kroger, A., Martinussen, M., & Marcia, E. J. (2009). Meta-analytic studies of identity status and the relational issues of attachment and intimacy. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 9, 1-32.
  13. Avila, M., Cabral, J., & Matos, P. M. (2012). Identity in university students: the role of parental and romantic attachment. Journal of adolescence, 35, 133-142.
  14. Bauer, J. J., Schwab, J. R., & McAdams, D. P. (2011). Self-actualizing: where ego development finally feels good? The Humanistic Psychologist, 39, 1-15.
  15. Bellak, L., Hurvich, M., & Gedeman, H. (1973). Ego functions in schizophrenics, neurotics and normals. NY: John Wiley.
  16. Berzonsky, M. D. (1989). Identity style: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4, 268-282.
  17. Berzonsky, M. D. (1990). Self-construction over the life span: A process perspective on identity formation. In G. J. Neimeyer & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Advances in personal construct theory (Vol. 1, pp. 155-186). Greenwich, CT.
  18. Berzonsky, M. D. (1993). Identity styles, gender, and social-cognitive reasoning. Journal ofAdolescent Research, 8, 289-296.
  19. Berzonsky, M. D. (2003). Identity style and well-being: Does commitment matter? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3, 131-142.
  20. Berzonsky, M. D. (2004). Identity processing style, self-construction, and personal epistemic assumptions: A social-cognitive perspective. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1, 303-315.
  21. Berzonsky, M. D., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus, W. (2007). Identity-processing style, psychosocial resources, and adolescents' perceptions of parent-adolescent relations. Journal of Early Adolescence, 3, 324-345.
  22. Berzonsky, M. D., Cieciuch, J., Duriez, B., & Soenens, B. (2011). The how and what of identity formation: associations between identity styles and values orientations. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 295-299.
  23. Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Smite, I., Papini, D. R. et al. (2013). Development and Validation of the Revised Identity Style Inventory (ISI-5): Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity. Psychological Assessment American Psychological Association, 3, 893-904
  24. Besharat, M. A. (2007). [Psychometric properties of the Ego Strength Scale]. Unpublished Research, University of Tehran [in Persian].
  25. Besharat, M. A. (2016). [Development and validation of the Ego Strength Scale: A preliminary study]. Journal of Psychological Science, 60, 445-467 [in Persian].
  26. Besharat, M. A., Zahedi Tajrishi, K., & Noorbala, A. A. (2013). [Alexithymia and emotion regulation strategies in patients with somatization, anxiety disorders, and normal individuals: A comparative study]. Contemporary Psychology, 16, 3-13 [in Persian].
  27. Beyers, W., & Goossens, L. (2008). Dynamics of perceived parenting and identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 165-186.
  28. Block, J. (2002). Personality as an affect-processing system: Toward an integrative theory. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  29. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
  30. Compas, B. E., Champion, J. E., & Reeslund, K. (2005). Coping with stress: Implications for preventive interventions with adolescents. Prevention Researcher, 12, 17-20.
  31. Cramer, P. (2012). Psychological maturity and change in adult defense mechanisms. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 306-316.
  32. Crocetti, E., Schwartz, S., Fermani, A., & Meeus, W. (2010). The Utrecht Management of Identity Commitments Scale (U-MICS): Italian validation and cross-national comparisons. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 169-183.
  33. Dean, S. K. (2002). The contributions of mother, father and friend attachment and social provisions to adolescent psychosocial development. Retrieved from: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=765315431&sid=1&fmt=2&clientld=46431&RQT=309&Vname=PQD
  34. Diane, E. L. (2000). The relationship between family environment, identity development and autonomy in young adults. Dissertation of Eastern Michigan University.
  35. Dinsmore, B. D., & Stormshak, E. A. (2003). Family functioning and eating attitudes and behaviors in at-risk early adolescent girls: the mediating role of intra-personal competencies. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 22, 100-116.
  36. Dunkle, C., Papini, D., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2008). Explaining differences in identity styles: possible role of personality and family functioning. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 8, 349-363.
  37. Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., Morris, A. S., Fabes, R. A., Cumberland, A. J., Reiser, M., et al. (2003). Longitudinal relations among parental emotional expressivity, children’s regulation, and quality of socioemotional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 39, 3-19.
  38. Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., & Levin, S. (1978). The McMaster model of family functioning. Journal of Marriage and Family counseling, 7, 19-31.
  39. Erikson, E. H. (1965). Youth: Fidelity and diversity. In E. H. Erikson (Ed.). The challenge of youth (pp. 1-28). Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
  40. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
  41. Eryigit, S., & Kerpelman, J. L. (2009, February). Identity styles of Turkish young adults: Identity processing style q-sort. Paper to be presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research on Identity Formation, Pacific Grove, CA.
  42. Faber, A. J., Edwards, A. E., Baure, K. S., & Wetchler, J. L. (2003). Family structure: Its effects on adolescent attachment andidentity format. American Journal of Family Therapy, 31, 243-255.
  43. Farzaneh Khoo, M., Yarmohammadian, A., & Moulavi, H. (2009). [The impact of family functioning on the students' identity status]. Journal of Behavioral Science, 2, 135-142 [in Persian].
  44. Freeman, D. M. (2001). The Contribution of Faith and Ego Strength to the Prediction of GPA among High School Students. Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Human Development.
  45. Freud, S. (1923). The Ego and the Id. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.). The Complete Psychological Works. Vol. 19. New York: Norton.
  46. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243-268.
  47. Green, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2000). Attachment and exploration in adults: Chronic and contextual accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 452-461.
  48. Harden, B. J. (2004). Safety and stability for foster children: A developmental perspective. Future of Children, 14, 30-47.
  49. Hejazi, E., Shahraray, M., Farsinejad, M., & Asgary, Ali. (2009). Identity styles and academic achievement: mediating role of academic self-efficacy. Social Psychology Education, 12, 123-135.
  50. Hooman, H. A. (2007). [Research methods in behavioral science]. Tehran: SAMT Publication [in Persian].
  51. Keitner, G. I., Heru, A. M., & Glick, I. D. (2010). Clinical manual of couples and family therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
  52. Kerr, M., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York, NY: Norton.
  53. Kim, H., Prouty, A. M., Smith, D. B., Ko, M., Wetchler, J. L., & et al. (2014). Differentiation of self and its relationship with family functioning in South Koreans. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 42, 257-265.
  54. Klink, J. L., Byars-Winston, A., & Bakken, L. L. (2008). Coping efficacy and perceived family support: Potential factors for reducing stress in premedical students. Medical Education, 42, 572–579.
  55. Kroger, J., & Marcia, J. E. (2011). The identity statuses: Originis, Meanings, and interpretations. In S. J. Schwartz; K. Luyckx; V. L. Vingoles. (Eds.), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research, (pp. 31-53). New York: Springer-Verlag.
  56. Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development. San Fransisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  57. Lohman, B. J., & Jarvis, P. A. (2000). Adolescent stressors, coping strategies and psychological health studied in the family context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 15-43.
  58. Mansfield, A. K., Dealy, J. A., & Keitner, G. I. (2013). Family functioning and income: does low-income status impact family functioning? The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 21, 297-305.
  59. Marcia, J. E. (I966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3, 551-558.
  60. Markstrom, C. A., Sabino, V. M., Turner, B., & Berman, B. C. (1997). The Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths: Development and validation of a new Eriksonian measure. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 705-732.
  61. Markstrom, C. A., & Marshall, S. K. (2007). The psychosocial inventory of ego strengths: Examination oftheory and psychometric properties. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 63-79.
  62. Matos, P. M., Barlbosa, S., Almeida, H. M., & Costa, M. E. (1999). Parental attachment and identity in Portuguese late adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 805-18.
  63. McAdams, D. P., & Olson, B. D. (2010). Personality development: Continuity and change over the life course. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 517-542.
  64. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  65. Meeus, W., Van de Schoot, R., Keijsers, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Branje, S. J. T. (2010). On the progression and stability of adolescent identity formation. A five-wave longitudinal study in early-to-middle and middle-to-late adolescence. Child Development, 81, 1565–1581.
  66. Miller, I. W., Ryan, C. E., Kietner, G. I., Bishop, D. S., & Epstein, N. B. (2000). The McMaster approach to families: theory, assessment, treatment and research. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 168-189.
  67. Mohammadizadeh, A., & Malekkhosravi, G. (2006). [Preliminary study of psychometric properties of the Family Action Device (FAD)]. Journal of Family Research, 5, 69-89 [in Persian].
  68. Pourebrahim, T., Heidari, J., & Khoshkonesh, A. (2011). [The relationship between parenting styles and identity styles with tendency to jobs in adolescents]. Institutional and Occupational counseling, 8, 11-12 [in Persian].
  69. Rahiminezhad, A., YazdaniVarzaneh, M. H., Amani, H., & Farahani, H. (2010). [Psychometric properties of the fourth version of the Identity Styles Questionnaire]. Journal of Psychological Science, 36, 405-418 [in Persian].
  70. Ravit, M. T. (2007). Contributions of psychological separation, attachment and ego identity development to dyadic adjustment in early adulthood. Retrieved from: http://proquest.Umi.Com/pqdweb?did=1253510031&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientld=46431&RQT=309&Vname-PQD.
  71. Sandhu, D., & Tung, S. (2004). Contributions of family environment and identity formation towards adolescents’ alienation. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 19, 1-14.
  72. Sandhu, D., & Tung, S. (2006). Role of emotional autonomy and family environment in identity formation of adolescents. Journal of Psychological Research, 21, 1-16.
  73. Schwartz, S. J., Pantin, H., Prado, G., Sullivan, S., & Szapocnik, J. (2005). Family functioning, identity, and problem behavior in his panic immigrant early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 392-420.
  74. Sharma, R. (2012). E students. Indian Streams Research Journal, 2, 1-4.
  75. Shonk, S. M., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Maltreatment, competency deficits, and risk for academic and behavioral maladjustment. Developmental Psychology, 37, 3-17.
  76. Soenens, B., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2005). Social-psychological profiles of identity styles: Attitudinal and social cognitive correlates in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 107-125.
  77. Steiger, H., Liquornik, K., Chapman, J., & Hussain, N. (1991). Personality and family disturbances in eating disorder patients: Comparison of "restrictors" and "bingers" to normal controls. International Journal of Eating Disorder, 10, 501-512.
  78. Suldo, S. M., Shaunessy, E., & Hardesty, R. (2008). Relationships among stress, coping, and mental health in high-achieving high school students. Psychology in the Schools, 45, 273-290.
  79. Swanson, J., Valiente, C., Lemery-Chalfant, K., & Obrien, T. C. (2011). Predicting early adolescents' academic achievement, social competence, and physical health from parenting ego resilience, and engagement coping. Journal of Early Adolescence, 31, 548-576.
  80. Waller, G., Calam, R. & Slade, P. (1989). Eating disorders and family interaction. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 285-286.
  81. Walsh, F. (2011). The new normal: Diversity and complexity in 21st -century families. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal Family Processes: Growing Diversity and Complexity (pp. 3-27). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  82. Waugh, C. E., Fredrickson, B. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2008). Adapting to life's sling and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat. Journal of Research in Personality, 3, 1-16.
  83. Weiner, I. B., Tennen, H. A., & Suls, J. M. (2012). Handbook of Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology (Volume5). New Jersey: Wiley.
  84. Weir, R. C., & Gjerde, P. F. (2002). Preschool Personality Prototypes: Internal Coherence, Cross-Study Reliability, and Developmental Outcomes in Adolescence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1229-1241.